Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 84-91 , April 2002

Somatostatin receptor imaging

  • Dik J. Kwekkeboom
  • ,
  • Eric P. Krenning

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Eric P. Krenning. MD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Centre, Rotterdam, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

References 

  1. Brazeau P. Somatostatin: A peptide with unexpect-ed physiologic activities. Am J Med. 1986;81(suppl 6B):8–13
  2. Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Reubi JC. The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev. 1991;12:450–482
  3. Patel YC, Greenwood MT, Warszynska A, et al. All five cloned somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1-5) are functionally coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994;198:605–612
  4. Patel YC, Amherdt M, Orci L. Quantitative electron microscopic autoradiography of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin binding sites on islets. Science. 1982;217:1155–1156
  5. Reubi JC, Maurer R. Autoradiographic mapping of somatostatin receptors in the rat CNS and pituitary. Neuroscience. 1985;15:1183–1193
  6. Sreedharan SP, Kodama KT, Peterson KE, et al. Distinct subsets of somatostatin receptors on cultured human lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:949–953
  7. Reubi JC, Laissue J, Krenning EP, et al. Somatostatin receptors in human cancer: Incidence, characteristics, functional correlates and clinical implication. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992;43:27–35
  8. Reubi JC, Lang W, Maurer R, et al. Distribution and biochemical characterization of somatostatin receptors in tumors of the human central nervous system. Cancer Res. 1987;47:5758–5765
  9. Reubi JC, Waser B, Foekens JA, et al. Somatostatin receptor incidence and distribution in breast cancer using receptor autoradiography: Relationship to EGF-receptors. Int J Cancer. 1990;46:416–420
  10. Reubi JC, Waser B, Sheppard M, et al. Somatostatin receptors are present in small-cell but not in non-small-cell primary lung carcinomas: Relationship to EGF receptors. Int J Cancer. 1990;45:269–274
  11. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Waser B, et al. Preferential location of somatostatin receptors in germinal centers of human gut lymphoid tissue. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1207–1214
  12. Reubi JC, Waser B, Vanhagen M, et al. In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in human malignant lymphomas. Int J Cancer. 1992;50:895–900
  13. Jamar F, Fiasse R, Leners N, et al. Somatostatin receptor imaging with indium-111-pentetreotide in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Safety, efficacy and impact on patient management. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:542–549
  14. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Studer UE, et al. Human Kidney as target for somatostatin: High affinity receptors in tubules and vasa recta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1323–1328
  15. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, et al. Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:539–553
  16. Ur E, Mather SJ, Bomanji J, et al. Pituitary imaging using a labelled somatostatin analogue in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol. 1992;36:147–150
  17. Legovini P, De Menis E, Billeci D, et al. 111Indium-pentetreotide pituitary scintigraphy and hormonal responses to octreotide in acromegalic patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 1997;20:424–428
  18. Kwekkeboom DJ, de Herder WW, Krenning EP. Receptor imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:80–88
  19. Duet M, Ajzenberg C, Benelhadj S, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in pituitary adenomas: A somatostatin receptor density index can predict hormonal and tumoral efficacy of octreotide in vivo. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1252–1256
  20. De Bruin TWA, Kwekkeboom DJ, Van 't Verlaat JW, et al. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma and octreotide response to long term high dose treatment, and studies in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:1310–1317
  21. Merola B, Colao A, Ferone D, et al. Effects of a chronic treatment with octreotide in patients with functionless pituitary adenomas. Horm Res. 1993;40:149–155
  22. Endocrine tumors of the pancreas Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP, Oei HY, et al. Use of radiolabeled somatostatin to localize islet cell tumors. In: Mignon M, Jensen RT editor. Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Research. Vol 23:New York, NY: Karger; 1995;p. 298–308
  23. De Kerviler E, Cadiot G, Lebtahi R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in forty-eight patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:1191–1197
  24. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Doppman JL, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:26–34
  25. Zimmer T, Stolzel U, Bader M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the preoperative localization of insulinomas and gastrinomas. Gut. 1996;39:562–568
  26. Lunderquist A. Radiologic diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Acta Oncol. 1989;28:371–372
  27. Rösch T, Lightdale CJ, Botet JF, et al. Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors by endoscopic ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1721–1726
  28. Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L, et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:853–858
  29. Termanini B, Gibril F, Reynolds JC, et al. Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study in gastrinoma of its effect on clinical management. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:335–347
  30. Kwekkebboom DJ, Krenning EP, Bakker WH, et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy in carcinoid tumors. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:283–292
  31. Kalkner KM, Janson ET, Nilsson S, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with carcinoid tumors: Comparison between radioligand uptake and tumor markers. Cancer Res. 1995;55(suppl 23):5801–5804
  32. Westlin J, Janson ET, Arnberg H, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy of carcinoid tumours using the [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide. Acta Oncol. 1993;32:783–786
  33. Ahlman H, Wängberg B, Tisell LE, et al. Clinical efficacy of octreotide scintigraphy in patients with midgut carcinoid tumours and evaluation of intraoperative scintillation detection. Br J Surg. 1994;81:1144–1149
  34. Kvols LK. Medical oncology considerations in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinomas. Semin Oncol. 1994;21(suppl 13):56–60
  35. Kwekkeboom DJ, Van Urk H, Pauw KH, et al. Octreotide scintigraphy for the detection of paragangliomas. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:873–878
  36. Kwekkeboom DJ, Reubi JC, Lamberts SWJ, et al. In vivo somatostatin receptor imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1413–1417
  37. Tisell LE, Ahlman H, Wängberg B, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1997;84:543–547
  38. Adams S, Baum RP, Hertel A, et al. Comparison of metabolic and receptor imaging in recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma with histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:1277–1283
  39. Postema PTE, De Herder WW, Reubi JC, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in non-medullary thyroid cancer. Digestion. 1996;1(suppl):36–37
  40. Gulec SA, Serafini AN, Sridhar KS, et al. Somatostatin receptor expression in Hurthle cell cancer of the thyroid. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:243–245
  41. Haslinghuis LM, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;24:415–422
  42. Kwekkeboom DJ, Hoff AM, Lamberts SWJ, et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy: A simple and sensitive method for the in vivo visualization of Merkel cell tumors and their metastases. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:818–821
  43. Kwekkeboom DJ, Kho GS, Lamberts SW, et al. The value of octreotide scintigraphy in patients with lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:1106–1113
  44. Bombardieri E, Crippa F, Cataldo I, et al. Somatostatin receptor imaging of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) by means of 111In-DTPA octreotide scintigraphy. Eur J Cancer. 1995;31A:184–188
  45. Reisinger I, Bohuslavitzki KH, Brenner W, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in small-cell lung cancer: Results of a multicenter study. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:224–227
  46. Kirsch CM, von Pawel J, Grau I, et al. Indium-111 pentetreotide in the diagnostic work-up of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:1318–1325
  47. Kwekkeboom DJ, Lamberts SWJ, Habbema JD, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:886–892
  48. Van Eijck CH, Krenning EP, Bootsma A, et al. Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in primary breast cancer. Lancet. 1994;343:640–643
  49. Van Hagen PM, Krenning EP, Reubi JC, et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy of malignant lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 1993;83:75–79
  50. Leners N, Jamar F, Fiasse R, et al. Indium-111-pentetreotide uptake in endocrine tumors and lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:916–922
  51. Lugtenburg PJ, Lowenberg B, Valkema R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the initial staging of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:222–229
  52. Lugtenburg PJ, Krenning EP, Valkema R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy useful in stage I–II Hodgkin's disease: More extended disease identified. Br J Haematol. 2001;112:936–944
  53. Hoefnagel CA, Rankin EM, Valdés O, et al. Sensitivity versus specificity in melanoma imaging using iodine-123 iodobenzamide and indium-111 pentetreotide. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:587–588
  54. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: The Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:716–731
  55. Moertel CL, Reubi JC, Scheithauer BS, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptors in childhood neuroblastoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;102:752–756
  56. Van der Harst E, de Herder WW, Bruining HA, et al. [(123)I]M-etaiodobenzylguanidine and [(111)In]octreotide uptake in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:685–693
  57. De Herder WW, Krenning EP, Malchoff CD, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: Its value in tumor localization in patients with the Cushing syndrome caused by ectopic cortictropin and/or CRH secretion. Am J Med. 1994;96:305–312
  58. Philipponneau M, Nocaudie M, Epelbaum J, et al. Somatostatin analogs for the localization and preoperative treatment of an ACTH-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:20–24
  59. Weiss M, Yellin A, Husza'r M, et al. Localization of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumor by somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:198–199
  60. Torpy DJ, Chen CC, Mullen N, et al. Lack of utility of (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy in localizing ectopic ACTH producing tumors: Follow-up of 18 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1186–1192
  61. Haldemann AR, Rosler H, Barth A, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in central nervous system tumors: Role of blood-brain barrier permeability. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:403–410
  62. Schmidt M, Scheidhauer K, Luyken C, et al. Somatostatin receptor imaging in intracranial tumours. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:675–686
  63. Reubi JC, Horisberger U, Lang W, et al. Coincidence of EGF receptors and somatostatin receptors in meningiomas but inverse, differentiation-dependent relationship in glial tumors. Am J Pathol. 1989;134:337–344
  64. Vanhagen PM, Krenning EP, Reubi JC, et al. Somatostatin analogue scintigraphy in granulomatous disease. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:497–502
  65. Postema PTE, Krenning EP, Wijngaarde R, et al. [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-Octreotide scintigraphy in thyroidal and orbital Graves' disease: A parameter for disease activity?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:1845–1851
  66. Krassas GE, Dumas A, Pontikides N, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and octreotide treatment in patients with thyroid eye disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995;42:571–580
  67. Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP, Kho GS, et al. Octreotide scintigraphy in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:1284–1292
  68. 266P Reubi JC, Waser B, Friess H, et al. Regulatory peptide receptors in goiters of the human thyroid. J Nucl Med. 1997;38(suppl):
  69. Gerding MN, van der Zant FM, van Royen EA, et al. Octreotide-scintigraphy is a disease-activity parameter in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50:373–379
  70. Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, Kooij PP, et al. [177Lu-DOTA0Tyr3]Octreotate: Comparison with [111In-DTPA0]octreotide in patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:1319–1325

PII: S0001-2998(02)80026-5

doi: 10.1053/snuc.2002.31022

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 32, Issue 2 , Pages 84-91 , April 2002