Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 33, Issue 3 , Pages 205-218 , July 2003

SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: Technical aspects and clinical applications

References 

  1. Maintz JB, Viergever MA. A survey of medical image registration. Med Image Anal. 1998;2:1–36
  2. Hill DL, Batchelor PG, Holden M, et al.  Medical image registration. Phys Med Biol. 2001;46:R1–R45
  3. Hutton BF, Braun M, Thurfjell L, et al.  Image registration: An essential tool for nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:559–577
  4. Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, et al.  A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1369–1379
  5. Bocher M, Balan A, Krausz Y, et al.  Gamma camera-mounted anatomical X-ray tomography: Technology, system characteristics and first images. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:619–627
  6. Patton JA, Delbeke D, Sandler MP. Image fusion using an integrated, dual-head coincidence camera with X-ray tube-based attenuation maps. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1364–1368
  7. Hasegawa BH, Stebler B, Rutt BK, et al.  A prototype high-purity germanium detector system with fast photon-counting circuitry for medical imaging. Med Phys. 1991;18:900–909
  8. Lang TF, Hasegawa BH, Liew SC, et al.  Description of a prototype emission-transmission computed tomography imaging system. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1881–1887
  9. Erlandsson K, Visvikis D, Waddington WA, et al.  Improved activity quantification with a combined SPET/CT system. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:171; (abstract)
  10. Mazzaferri EL. Recombinant human thyrotropin symposium. An overview of the management of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 1999;9:421–427
  11. Chung JK. Sodium iodide symporter: Its role in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1188–1200
  12. Saito T, Endo T, Kawaguchi A, et al.  Increased expression of the sodium/iodide symporter in papillary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:1296–1300
  13. Scott AM, Macapinlac H, Zhang J, et al.  Image registration of SPECT and CT images using an external fiduciary band and three-dimensional surface fitting in metastatic thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:100–103
  14. Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, et al.  The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:998–1004
  15. Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama Y, Monden T, et al.  Clinical usefulness of fusion images of I-131 SPECT and CT in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:321P; (abstract)
  16. Kienast O, Becherer A, Dobrozemsky G, et al.  Improved diagnostic accuracy of I-131 WBS in patients with thyroid cancer using fusion technology with combined XCT/SPECT-imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:374; (abstract)
  17. Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C, et al.  Survival and therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1568–1573
  18. Smit JW, Vielvoye GJ, Goslings BM. Embolization for vertebral metastases of follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:989–994
  19. Shapiro B, Rufini V, Jarwan A, et al.  Artifacts, anatomical and physiological variants, and unrelated diseases that might cause false-positive whole-body 131-I scans in patients with thyroid cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2000;30:115–132
  20. Michigishi T, Mizukami Y, Shuke N, et al.  Visualization of the thymus with therapeutic doses of radioiodine in patients with thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:75–79
  21. Wilson LM, Barrington SF, Morrison ID, et al.  Therapeutic implications of thymic uptake of radioiodine in thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:622–628
  22. Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, et al.  Medullary thyroid carcinoma: Clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems. Cancer. 2000;88:1139–1148
  23. Dörr U, Würstlin S, Frank-Raue K, et al.  Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging in recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: A comparative study. Horm Metab Res. 1993;27(suppl):48–55
  24. Frank-Raue K, Raue F, Buhr HJ, et al.  Localization of occult persisting medullary thyroid carcinoma before microsurgical reoperation: High sensitivity of selective venous catheterization. Thyroid. 1992;2:113–117
  25. Behr TM, Behe M, Becker W. Diagnostic applications of radiolabeled peptides in nuclear endocrinology. Q J Nucl Med. 1999;43:268–280
  26. Behr TM, Gratz S, Markus PM, et al.  Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies versus somatostatin analogs in the detection of metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma: Are carcinoembryonic antigen and somatostatin receptor expression prognostic factors?. Cancer. 1997;80(suppl):2436–2457
  27. Perault C, Schvartz C, Wampach H, et al.  Thoracic and abdominal SPECT-CT image fusion without external markers in endocrine carcinomas. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1234–1242
  28. Adams S, Baum RP, Hertel A, et al.  Comparison of metabolic and receptor imaging in recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma with histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:1277–1283
  29. Adams S, Acker P, Lorenz M, et al.  Radioisotope-guided surgery in patients with pheochromocytoma and recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma: A comparison of preoperative and intraoperative tumor localization with histopathologic findings. Cancer. 2001;92:263–270
  30. Diehl M, Risse JH, Brandt-Mainz K, et al.  Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in medullary thyroid cancer: Results of a multicentre study. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:1671–1676
  31. Szakall S, Esik O, Bajzik G, et al.  18F-FDG PET detection of lymph node metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:66–71
  32. Behr TM, Behe MP. Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin receptor-targeting peptides for staging and therapy of medullary thyroid cancer and other cholecystokinin-B receptor-expressing malignancies. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:97–109
  33. Reubi JC, Waser B. Unexpected high incidence of cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors in human medullary thyroid carcinomas. Int J Cancer. 1996;67:644–647
  34. Beierwaltes WH. Endocrine imaging: Parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, and other endocrine tumors. Part II. J Nucl Med. 1991;32:1627–1639
  35. Maurea S, Cuocolo A, Reynolds JC, et al.  Iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in preoperative and postoperative evaluation of paragangliomas: Comparison with CT and MRI. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:173–179
  36. Freitas JE. Adrenal cortical and medullary imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 1995;25:235–250
  37. Mozley PD, Kim CK, Mohsin J, et al.  The efficacy of iodine-123-MIBG as a screening test for pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1138–1144
  38. Fujita A, Hyodoh H, Kawamura Y, et al.  Use of fusion images of I131 metaiodobenzylguanidine, SPECT, and magnetic resonance studies to identify a malignant pheochromocytoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25:440–442
  39. Ozer S, Kienast O, Dobrozemsky G, et al.  Combined XCT/SPECT in a single device in patients with suspected or known pheochromocytoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:586; (abstract)
  40. Israel O, Mor M, Gaitini D, et al.  Combined functional and structural evaluation of cancer patients with a hybrid camera-based PET/CT system using (18)F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1129–1136
  41. Nakajo M, Shapiro B, Copp J, et al.  The normal and abnormal distribution of the adrenomedullary imaging agent m-[I131]iodobenzylguanidine (I131 MIBG) in man: Evaluation by scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:672–682
  42. Shulkin BL, Wieland DM, Schwaiger M, et al.  PET scanning with hydroxyephedrine: An approach to the localization of pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1125–1131
  43. Hoegerle S, Nitzsche E, Altehoefer C, et al.  Pheochromocytomas: Detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET-initial results. Radiology. 2002;222:507–512
  44. Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Jorge A, et al.  Positron Emission Tomographic (PET) scanning for diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension. 2001;38:6–8
  45. Shulkin BL, Shapiro B. Current concepts on the diagnostic use of MIBG in children. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:679–688
  46. Brodeur GM, Pritchard J, Berthold F, et al.  Revisions of the international criteria for neuroblastoma diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:1466–1477
  47. Leung A, Shapiro B, Hattner R, et al.  Specificity of radoiodinated MIBG for neural crest tumors in childhood. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1352–1357
  48. Suc A, Lumbroso J, Rubie H, et al.  Metastatic neuroblastoma in children older than one year: Prognostic significance of the initial metaiodobenzylguanidine scan and proposal for a scoring system. Cancer. 1996;77:805–811
  49. Maurea S, Lastoria S, Caraco C, et al.  Iodine-131-MIBG imaging to monitor chemotherapy response in advanced neuroblastoma: Comparison with laboratory analysis. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1429–1435
  50. Heij HA, Rutgers EJ, de Kraker J, et al.  Intraoperative search for neuroblastoma by MIBG and radioguided surgery with the gamma detector. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;28:171–174
  51. Rufini V, Fisher GA, Shulkin BL, et al.  Iodine-123-MIBG imaging of neuroblastoma: Utility of SPECT and delayed imaging. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1464–1468
  52. Gelfand MJ, Elgazzar AH, Kriss VM, et al.  Iodine-123-MIBG SPECT versus planar imaging in children with neural crest tumors. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1753–1757
  53. Bonnin F, Lumbroso J, Tenenbaum F, et al.  Refining interpretation of MIBG scans in children. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:803–810
  54. Hoefnagel CA. Nuclear medicine therapy of neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med. 1999;43:336–343
  55. Tang HR, Da Silva AJ, Matthay KK, et al.  Neuroblastoma imaging using a combined CT scanner-scintillation camera and 131I-MIBG. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:237–247
  56. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al.  Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:635–644
  57. Lamberts SWJ, Chayvialle JA, Krenning EP. The visualization of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Metabolism. 1992;41(suppl 2):111–115
  58. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Oei HY, et al.  Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in gastroenteropancreatic tumors: An overview of European results. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994;733:416–424
  59. Shi W, Johnston CF, Buchanan KD, et al.  Localization of neuroendocrine tumors with [111In] DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy (Octreoscan): A comparative study with CT and MR imaging. QJM. 1998;91:295–301
  60. Weiss M, Yellin A, Husza'r M, et al.  Localization of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting bronchial carcinoid by somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:198–199
  61. Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, et al.  Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]- and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: The Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:716–731
  62. Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. Somatostatin receptor imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:84–91
  63. Krausz Y, Bar-Ziv J, deJong RB, et al.  Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in the management of gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Amer J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:66–70
  64. Otte A, Mueller-Brand J, Dellas S, et al.  Yttrium-90-labelled somatostatin-analog for cancer treatment [letter to editor]. Lancet. 1998;351:417–418
  65. De Jong M, Breeman WA, Bernard HF, et al.  Therapy of neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabeled somatostatin-analogs. Q J Nucl Med. 1999;43:356–366
  66. De Jong M, Valkema R, Jamar F, et al.  Somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy of tumors: Preclinical and clinical findings. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:133–140
  67. Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L, et al.  Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:853–858
  68. Termanini B, Gibril F, Reynolds JC, et al.  Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study in gastrinoma of its effect on clinical management. Gastroeneterology. 1997;112:335–347
  69. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, et al.  Carcinoid tumor. Lancet. 1998;352:799–805
  70. Lubberink M, Tolmachev V, Widstrom C, et al.  110mIn-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide for imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with PET. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1391–1397
  71. Krausz Y, Shibley N, de Jong RBJ, et al.  Gallbladder visualization with 111 In-labeled Octreotide. Clin Nucl Med. 1994;19:133–135
  72. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, et al.  Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:539–553
  73. Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan, et al: SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with In111-Pentetreotide in assessment of Neuroendocrine Tumors (submitted)
  74. Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Norton JA, et al.  Prospective study of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and its effect on operative outcome in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 1998;228:228–238
  75. Orloff SL, Debas HT. Advances in the management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75:511–524
  76. Weber HC, Venzon DJ, Lin JT, et al.  Determinants of metastatic rate and survival in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: A prospective long-term study. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1637–1649
  77. Israel O, Front D, Lam M, et al.  Gallium-67 imaging in monitoring lymphoma response to treatment. Cancer. 1988;61:2439–2443
  78. Front D, Israel O, Epelbaum R, et al.  Ga-67 SPECT before and after treatment of lymphoma. Radiology. 1990;175:515–519
  79. Front D, Bar-Shalom R, Epelbaum R, et al.  Early detection of lymphoma recurrence with Gallium-67 scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:2101–2104
  80. Front D, Bar-Shalom R, Israel O. The continuing role of Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the age of receptor imaging. Sem Nucl Med. 1997;27:68–74
  81. Kaplan WD, Jochelson MS, Herman TS, et al.  Gallium-67 imaging: A predictor of residual tumor viability and clinical outcome in patients with diffuse large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:1966–1970
  82. Front D, Bar-Shalom R, Mor M, et al.  Hodgkin disease: Prediction of outcome with Ga-67 scintigraphy after one cycle of chemotherapy. Radiology. 1999;210:487–491
  83. Front D, Bar-Shalom R, Mor M, et al.  Aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Early prediction of outcome with Ga-67 scintigraphy. Radiology. 2000;214:253–257
  84. Israel O, Mor M, Epelbaum R, et al.  Clinical pretreatment risk factors and Ga-67 scintigraphy early during treatment for prediction of outcome of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2002;94:873–878
  85. Gasparini M, Bombardieri E, Castellani M, et al.  Gallium-67 scintigraphy evaluation of therapy in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1586–1590
  86. Janicek M, Kaplan W, Neuberg D, et al.  Early restaging Gallium scans predict outcome in poor-prognosis patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with high-dose CHOP chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1631–1637
  87. Frohlich DE, Chen JL, Neuberg D, et al.  When is hilar uptake of 67Ga-citrate indicative of residual disease after CHOP chemotherapy?. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:269–274
  88. Even-Sapir E, Bar-Shalom R, Israel O, et al.  Single-photon emission computed tomography quantitation of gallium citrate uptake for the differentiation of lymphoma from benign hilar uptake. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:942–946
  89. Scott AM, Macapinlac H, Zhang JJ, et al.  Clinical applications of fusion imaging in oncology. Nucl Med Biol. 1994;21:775–784
  90. Chajari M, Lacroix J, Peny AM, et al.  Gallium-67 scintigraphy in lymphoma: Is there a benefit of image fusion with computed tomography?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:380–387
  91. Israel O, Yefremov N, Mor M, et al.  A new technology of combined transmission (CT) and emission (Ga-67) tomography (TET) in the evaluation of patients with lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:70P; (abstr)
  92. Israel O, Yefremov N, Mor M, et al.  Combined transmission and Ga-67 emission tomography (TET) in the evaluation of response to treatment and diagnosis of recurrence in patients with lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:1160; (abstr)
  93. Goldenberg DM. Targeted therapy of cancer with radiolabeled antibodies. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:693–713
  94. Murthy S, Sharkey RM, Goldenberg D, et al.  Lymphoma imaging with a new Technetium-99m labeled antibody, LL2. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:394–401
  95. Baum RP, Niesen A, Hertel A, et al.  Initial clinical results with Technetium-99m labeled LL2 monoclonal antibody fragment in the radioimmunodetection of B-cell lymphomas. Cancer. 1994;73:896–899
  96. Becker WS, Behr TM, Cumme F, et al.  Ga-67 citrate versus Tc-99m labeled LL2-Fab (Anti-CD 22) fragments in the staging of B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Can Res. 1995;55(suppl):5771s–5773s
  97. Israel O, Iosilevsky G, Front D, et al.  SPECT quantitation of Iodine-131 concentration in phantoms and human tumors. J Nucl Med. 1990;31:1945–1949
  98. Koral KF, Dewaraja Y, Li J, et al.  Initial results for hybrid SPECT-conjugate-view tumor dosimetry in I-131 anti-B1 antibody therapy of previously untreated patients with lymphoma. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1579–1586
  99. Koral KF, Lin S, Fessler JA, et al.  Preliminary results from intensity-based CT-SPECT fusion in I-131 anti-B1 monoclonal-antibody therapy of lymphoma. Cancer. 1997;80:2538–2540
  100. Koral K, Li J, Dewajara Y, et al.  I-131 anti-B1 therapy/tracer uptake ratio using a new procedure for fusion of tracer images to computed tomography images. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:3004s–3009s
  101. Edri YE, Weasels BW, DeJaer R, et al.  A new fiducial alignment system to overlay abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance anatomical images with radiolabeled antibody single-photon emission computed tomographic scans. Cancer. 1994;73:923–931
  102. Kramer E, Sanger J, Walsh C, et al.  Contribution of SPECT to imaging of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma with In-111 labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody. Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:697–703
  103. Kramer EL, Noz ME, Sanger JJ, et al.  CT-SPECT fusion to correlate radiolabeled monoclonal antibody uptake with abdominal CT findings. Radiology. 1989;172:861–865
  104. Scott AM, Macapinlac HA, Divgi CR, et al.  Clinical validation of SPECT and CT/MRI image registration in radiolabeled monoclonal antibody studies of colorectal carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1976–1984
  105. Hinkle GH, Burgers JK, Neal CE, et al.  Multicenter radioimmunoscintigraphic evaluation of patients with prostate carcinoma using indium-111 capromab pendetide. Cancer. 1998;83:739–747
  106. Haseman MK, Rosenthal SA, Polascik TJ. Capromab Pendetide imaging of prostate cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2000;15:131–140
  107. Sodee DB, Malguria N, Faulhaber P, et al.  Multicenter ProstaScint imaging findings in 2154 patients with prostate cancer. The ProstaScint Imaging Centers Urology. 2000;56:988–993
  108. Manyak MJ, Hinkle GH, Olsen JO, et al.  Immunoscintigraphy with indium-111-capromab pendetide: Evaluation before definitive therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Urology. 1999;54:1058–1063
  109. Lamb HM, Faulds D. Capromab pendetide. A review of its use as an imaging agent in prostate cancer. Drugs Aging. 1998;12:293–304
  110. Hamilton RJ, Blend MJ, Pelizzari CA, et al.  Using vascular structure for CT-SPECT registration in the pelvis. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:347–351
  111. Carroll MJ, Britton KE. Hawkeye mediated multiple image fusion applied to prostate cancer detection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:175; (abstr)
  112. Schneebaum S, Even-Sapir E, Cohen M, et al.  Clinical application of gamma-detection probes-radioguided surgery. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:s26–s35
  113. Gennari R, Bartolomei M, Testori A, et al.  Sentinel node localization in primary melanoma: Preoperative dynamic lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe, and vital dye guidance. Surgery. 2000;127:19–25
  114. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Thompson JF, et al.  Interval nodes: The forgotten sentinel nodes in patients with melanoma. Arch Surg. 2000;135:1168–1172
  115. Summer WE, Ross MI, Mansfield PF, et al.  Implications of lymphatic drainage to unusual sentinel node sites in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer. 2002;95:354–360
  116. Jansen L, Koops HS, Nieweg OE, et al.  Sentinel node biopsy for melanoma in the head and neck region. Head Neck. 2000;22:27–33
  117. Eshima D, Faoconnier T, Eshima L, et al.  Radiopharmaceuticals for lymphoscintigraphy: Including dosimetry and radiation consideration. Sem Nucl Med. 2000;1:25–32
  118. Alazraki N, Styblo T, Grant SE, et al.  Sentinel node staging of early breast cancer using lymphoscintigraphy and the intraoperative gamma-detecting probe. Sem Nucl Med. 2000;1:56–64
  119. Tonakie A, Sondak V, Yahanda A, et al.  Reproducibility of lymphoscintgraphic drainage patterns in sequential 99mTc human serum albumin and 99mTc sulfur colloid studies: Implications for sentinel node identification in melanoma. Surgery. 1999;126:955–962
  120. Mariani G, Moresco L, Viale G, et al.  Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1198–1215
  121. Mariani G, Gipponi M, Moresco L, et al.  Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:811–827
  122. Tsopelas C. Particle size analysis of 99mTc-labeled and unlabeled antimony trisulfide and Rhenium sulfide colloids intended for lymphoscintgraphy application. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:460–466
  123. Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, et al.  Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system. J Nucl Med. 2003; in press
  124. Klein M, Bocher M, Chisin R. Contribution of combined SPECT-CT in sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization by lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:157P; (abstr)
  125. Eschmann SM, Horger M, Pfannenberg AC, et al.  Improved specificity of bone scintigraphy by combined transmission and emission tomography (TET). J Nucl Med. 2002;43:340P; (abstr)
  126. Rubello D, Casara D, Fiore D, et al.  An ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma accurately located by a single-day imaging protocol of Tc-99m pertechnetate-MIBI subtraction scintigraphy and MIBI-SPECT-computed tomographic image fusion. Clin Nucl Med. 2002;27:186–190
  127. Kienast O, Dobrozemsky G, Kaczirek K, et al.  Combined XCT/SPECT technology in patients with hyperthyroidism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag. 2002;29:580; (abstr)

 Address reprint requests to Ora Israel, MD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 35244, Israel.

☆☆ 0001-2998/03/3303-0014$30.00/0

PII: S0001-2998(03)70006-3

doi: 10.1053/snuc.2003.127310

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 33, Issue 3 , Pages 205-218 , July 2003