Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 1 , Pages 17-36 , January 2005

Cardiac positron emission tomography imaging

  • Josef Machac, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Josef Machac, MD, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Box 1141, Nuclear Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029

References 

  1. Kong BA , Shaw LS , Miller DD , et al.   Comparison of accuracy for detecting coronary artery disease and side-effect profile of dipyridamole thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in women versus men . Am J Cardiol . 1992;70:168–173
  2. Nishimura S , Mahmarian JJ , Boyce TM , et al.   Quantitative thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography during maximal pharmacologic coronary vasodilation with adenosine for assessing coronary artery disease . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1991;18:736–745
  3. Bateman TM , Maddahi J , Gray RJ , et al.   Diffuse slow washout of myocardial thallium-201 (a new scintigraphic indicator of extensive coronary artery disease) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1984;4:55–64
  4. Aarnoudse WH , Botman KJ , Pijls NH . False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease, revealed by coronary pressure measurement . Int J Cardiovasc Intervent . 2003;5:67–71
  5. Stolzenberg J . Dilataiton of left ventricular cavity on stress thallium scan as an indicator of ischemic disease . Clin Nucl Med . 1980;5:289–291
  6. Kumar SP , Movahed A . Importance of wall motion analysis in the diagnosis of left main disease using stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging . Int J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2003;19:219–224
  7. Martin W , Tweddel AC , Hutton I . Balanced triple-vessel disease (enhanced detection by estimated myocardial thallium uptake) . Nucl Med Commun . 1992;13:149–153
  8. Falk E , Shah PK , Fuster V . Coronary plaque disruption . Circulation . 1995;92:657–671
  9. Libby P . Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes . Circulation . 1995;91:2844–2850
  10. Farb A , Tang AL , Burke AP , et al.   Sudden coronary death (frequency of active coronary lesions, inactive coronary lesions, and myocardial infarction) . Circulation . 1995;92:1701–1709
  11. Gould KL , Martucci JP , Goldberg DI , et al.   Short-term cholesterol lowering decreases in size and severity of perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after dipyridamole in patients with coronary artery disease . Circulation . 1994;89:1530–1538
  12. Gould K , Ornish D , Scherwitz L , et al.   Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification . JAMA . 1995;274:894–901
  13. Czernin J , Barnard RJ , Sun KT , et al.   Effect of short-term cardiovascular conditioning and low-fat diet diet on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve . Circulation . 1995;92:197–204
  14. Yokoyama I , Momomura S , Ohtake T , et al.   Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary sclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy . Circulation . 1999;100:117–122
  15. Huggins GS , Pasternak RC , Alpert NM , et al.   Effects of short-term treatment of hyperlipidemia on coronary vasodilator function and myocardial perfusion in regions having substantial impairment of baseline dilator reverse . Circulation . 1998;98:1291–1296
  16. Brunel P , Bourassa MG , Wiseman A . Different rates of coronary disease progression in patients with normal and mildly disease coronary arteries . Coron Art Dis . 1991;2:449–454
  17. Glover DK , Ruiz M , Edwards NC , et al.   Comparison between Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi uptake during adenosine induced vasodilation as a function of coronary artery severity . Circulation . 1995;91:813–820
  18. Glover DK , Okada RD . Myocardial kinetics of Tc-MIBI in canine myocardium after dipyridamole . Circulation . 1990;81:628–637
  19. Sinusas AJ , Shi QX , Saltzberg MT , et al.   Technetium-99m tetrofosmin to assess myocardial blood flow (experimental validation in an intact canine model of ischemia) . J Nucl Med . 1994;35:664–671
  20. Hachamovich R , Berman DS , Kiat H , et al.   Incremental prognostic value of adenosine stress myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography and impact on subsequent management in patients with or suspected of having myocardial ischemia . Am J Cardiol . 1997;80:426–433
  21. DePuey EG , Rozanski A . Using gated technetium-99m-sestamibi SPECT to characterize fixed myocardial defects as infarct or artifact . J Nucl Med . 1995;36:952–955
  22. Rigo P , VanBaxen P , Safi JF , et al.   Quantitative evaluation of a comprehensive motion, resolution, and attenuation correction program (Initial experience) . J Nucl Cardiol . 1998;5:458–468
  23. O’Connor MK , Kemp B , Anstett F , et al.   A multicenter evaluation of commercial attenuation compensation techniques in cardiac SPECT using phantom models . J Nucl Cardiol . 2002;9:361–376
  24. Gould KL , Schelbert H , Phelps M , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation . Am J Cardiol . 1979;43:200–208
  25. Schelbert H , Wisenberg G , Phelps M , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacological coronary vasodilation, VI (Detection of coronary artery disease in man with intravenous 14-NH3 and positron computed tomography) . Am J Cardiol . 1982;49:1197–1207
  26. Tillisch J , Brunken R , Marshall R , et al.   Reversibility of cardiac wall motion abnormalities predicted by positron emission tomography . N Engl J Med . 1986;314:884–888
  27. Phelps ME , Cherry SR . The changing design of positron imaging systems . Clin Pos Imaging . 1988;1:31–45
  28. Schelbert HR , Phelps ME , Hoffman EJ , et al.   Regional myocardial perfusion assessed with N-13 labeled ammonia and positron emission computerized axial tomography . Am J Cardiol . 1979;43:209–218
  29. Schelbert HR , Phelps ME , Huang SC , et al.   N-13 ammonia as an indicator of myocardial blood flow . Circulation . 1981;63:1259–1272
  30. Beanlands R , Muzik O , Hutchins G , et al.   Heterogeneity of regional nitrogen 13-labeled ammonia tracer distribution in the normal heart (Comparison with rubidium-82 and copper-62-labeled PTSM) . J Nucl Cardiol . 1994;35:1122–1124
  31. Tamaki N , Ruddy TD , Dekamp R , et al.   Myocardial perfusion . In:  Wahl RL ,  Buchanan JW editor. Principles and Practice of Positron Emission Tomography . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2002;p. 320–333
  32. Bergmann SR , Fox KAA , Rand AL , et al.   Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow in vivo with H215O . Circulation . 1984;70:724–733
  33. Kim SH , Machac J , Almeida O , et al.   Optimization of rubidium-82 generator performance . Clin Nucl Med . 2004;29:135P
  34. Meerdink DJ , Leppo JA . Experimental studies of the physiologic properties of technetium-99m agents (Myocardial transport of perfusion imaging agents) . Am J Cardiol . 1990;66:9E–15E
  35. Leppo JA , Meerdink DJ . Comparison of the myocardial uptake of a technetium-labeled isonitrile analogue and thallium . Circ Res . 1989;65:62–639
  36. Mack RE , Nolting DD , Hogancamp CE , et al.   Myocardial extraction of Rb-86 in the rabbit . Am J Physiol . 1959;197:1175–1177
  37. Becker L , Ferreira R , Thomas M . Comparison of Rb-86 and microsphere estimates of left ventricular blood flow distribution . J Nucl Med . 1977;15:969–973
  38. Selwyn AP , Allan RM , L’Abbate A , et al.   Relation between regional myocardial uptake of rubidium-82 and perfusion (Absolute reduction of cation uptake in ischemia) . Am J Cardiol . 1982;50:112–121
  39. Goldstein RA , Mullani NA , Marani SK , et al.   Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. II. Effects of metabolic and pharmacological interventions . J Nucl Med . 1983;24:907–915
  40. Schelbert HR , Ashburn WL , Chauncey DM , et al.   Comparative myocardial uptake of intravenously administered radionuclides . J Nucl Med . 1977;15:1092–1100
  41. Wyss CA , Koepfli P , Mikolajczyk K , et al.   Bicycle exercise stress in PET for assessment in PET for assessment of coronary flow reserve (Repeatability and comparison with adenosine stress) . J Nucl Med . 2003;33:146–154
  42. Chow BJ , Ruddy TD , Dalipaj MM , et al.   Feasibility of exercise rubidium-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:428A
  43. Machac J , Chen H , Almeida O , et al.   Comparison of filtered back projection vs iterative reconstruction of rubidium-82 PET perfusion images . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:270P
  44. Machac J , Chen H , Almeida OD , et al.   comparison of 2D and high dose and low dose 3D gated myocardial Rb-82 PET imaging . J Nucl Med . 2002;43:P188
  45. Knesaurek K , Machac J , Krynyckyi BR , et al.   Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional 82-Rb myocardial perfusion PET imaging . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:1350–1356
  46. Cherry SR , Sorenson JA , Phelps ME . Physics in Nuclear Medicine (ed 3) . Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003; p 351
  47. Moser KW , Case JA , Bateman TM , et al.   A quantitative comparison of 2D and 3D acquisition of Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET studies on an LSO scanner . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:222P
  48. DiFilippo FP , Brunken RC , Neumann DR , et al.   Initial clinical experience with Rb-82 cardiac PET imaging on a PET/CT system . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:117P
  49. Machac J , Mosci K , Almeida OD , et al.   Gated rubidium-82 cardiac PET imaging (Evaluation of left ventricular wall motion) . J Amer Coll Cardiol . 2002;39:393A
  50. Almeida O , Machac J , Travis A , et al.   Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction with gated cardiac rubidium-82 positron emission tomography . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:224P
  51. Case JA , Bateman TM , Moser K , et al.   comparison of LVEF measurements from ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET and Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT . J Nucl Cardiol . 2003;10:S13
  52. Hickey KT , Sciacca RR , Bokhari S , et al.   Assessment of cardiac wall motion and ejection fraction with gated PET using N-13 ammonia . Clin Nucl Med . 2004;29:243–248
  53. Cherry SR , Sorenson JA , Phelps ME . Physics in Nuclear Medicine (ed 3) . Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003; pp 299–324
  54. Eisner RL , Patterson RE . Differences between women and men in the heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion images (SPECT Tl-201, Tc-99m sestamibi, and PET Rb-82) . J Nucl Cardiol . 1997;4:S104
  55. Patterson RE , Cloninger K , Churchwell KB , et al.   Special problems with cardiovascular imaging in women . In:  Julian DG ,  Wenger NK editor. Women and Heart Disease . London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1997;p. 91
  56. Curchwell KB , Pilcher WC , Eisner RL , et al.   accuracy of Pet Rb MPI to diagnose coronary artery disease (New software for objective analysis) . J Nucl Med . 1994;35:23P
  57. Churchwell KB , Pilcher WC , Eisner RL , et al.   Quantitative analysis of PET (The women’s test for coronary disease) . J Nucl Med . 1995;36:79P
  58. Eisner RL , Tamas MJ , Cloninger K , et al.   The normal SPECT thallium-201 bullseye display (Gender differences) . J Nucl Med . 1989;29:1901–1909
  59. Shonkoff D , Eisner RL , Gober A , et al.   What quantitative criteria should be used to read defects on the SPECT Tl-201 bullseye display in men? ROC analysis . J Nucl Med . 1987;28:674–675P
  60. DePuey EG , Rozanski A . Using gated technetium-99m-sestamibi SPECT to characterize fixed myocardial defects as infarct or artifact . J Nucl Med . 1995;36:952–955
  61. Taillefer R , DePuye EG , Udelson JE , et al.   comparative diagnostic accuracy of Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging (perfusion and ECG-gated SPECT) in detecting coronary artery disease in women . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;29:69–77
  62. Choi JY , Lee KH , Kim SJ , et al.   Gating provides improved accuracy for differentiating artifacts from true lesions in equivocal fixed defects on technetium 99m tetrofosmin perfusion SPECT . J Nucl Cardiol . 1998;5:395–401
  63. Paola E , Smiano P , Watson DD , et al.   Value of gating of technetium-99m sestamibi single photon emission tomographic imaging . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;30:1687–1692
  64. Ficaro EP , Fessler JA , Shreve PD , et al.   Simultaneous transmission/emission myocardial perfusion tomography (Diagnostic accuracy of attenuation—corrected 99mTc-sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography) . Circulation . 1996;93:463–473
  65. Hendel RC , Corbett JR , Cullom ST , et al.   The value and practice of attenuation correction for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging (A joint position paper from the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology and the Society of Nuclear Medicine) . J Nucl Cardiol . 2002;9:135–143
  66. O’Connor MK , Kemp B , Anstett F , et al.   A multicenter evaluation of commercial attenuation compensation techniques in cardiac SPECT using phantom models . J Nucl Cardiol . 2002;9:361–376
  67. DePuey EG , Rozanski A . Using gated technetium-99m-sestamibi SPECT to characterize fixed myocardial defects as infarct or artifact . J Nucl Med . 1995;36:952–955
  68. Taillefer R , DePuey EG , Udelson JE , et al.   Comparative diagnostic accuracy of thallium-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging (perfusion and ECG-gated SPECT) in detecting coronary artery disease in women . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;29:69–77
  69. Hansen CL , Crabbe D , Rubin S . Lower diagnostic accuracy of thallium-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion in women (An effect of smaller chamber size) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1996;28:1214–1219
  70. Williams B . Women and coronary disease (Is PET rubidium-82 imaging the preferred noninvasive diagnostic test?) . Appl Imaging Appl Nucl Cardiol . 2000;1:1–4
  71. Patterson RE , Churchwell KB , Eisner RL . Diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women (Roles of three-dimensional imaging with magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography) . Am J Cardiac Imaging . 1996;10:78–88
  72. Flegal KM , Carroll MD , Ogden CL , et al.   Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 . JAMA . 2002;288:1723–1727
  73. Patterson RE , Cloninger K , Churchwell KB , et al.   Special problems with cardiovascular imaging in women . In:  Julian DG ,  Wenger NK editor. Women and Heart Disease . London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1997;p. 91
  74. Bateman TM . PET myocardial perfusion imaging (Making the transition to a clinical routine) . Appl Imaging . 2002;3:1–6
  75. Imaging Technology News, 6:2004, Reilly communications group
  76. Yoshinaga K , Chow B , DeKemp Robert , et al.   prognostic value of rubidium-82 perfusion positron emission tomography (Preliminary results from the consecutive 153 patients) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;43:338A
  77. VanTosh A , Supino PG , Simulever RP , et al.   Normal PET myocardial perfusion imaging in women with chest pain predicts a low cardiovascular event rate and favorable long term clinical outcome . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;37:381A
  78. Valensi P , Sachs R , Cosson E , et al.   prognostic value of epicardial coronary artery constriction to cold pressor test in type 2 diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and no other major coronary risk factors . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:208
  79. Dorbala S , Mishra R , Logsetty G , et al.   PET measurements of coronary flow reserve identify individuals at high risk of developing clinically apparent coronary artery disease (CAD) . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:236P
  80. Merhige ME , Watson GM , Oliverio JG , et al.   Efficacy of lipid lowering therapy in inducing arrest or reversal of coronary disease as assessed with positron emission tomography . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;43:332A
  81. Kern MJ , Anderson HV . A symposium: The clinical applications of the intracoronary Doppler guidewire flow velocity in patients: Understanding blood flow beyond the coronary stenosis . Am J Cardiol . 1993;71:1D–70D
  82. Gould KL , Nakagawa Y , Nakagawa K , et al.   Frequency and clinical implications of fluid dynamically significant diffuse coronary artery disease manifest as graded, longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion abnormalities by noninvasive positron emission tomography . Circulation . 2000;101:1931–1939
  83. Hernandez-Pampaloni M , Keng FY , Kudo T , et al.   Abnormal longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion gradient by quantitative blood flow measurements in patients with coronary risk factors . Circulation . 2001;104:527–532
  84. Bergmann SR , Fox KAA , Rand AL , et al.   Quantification of regional myocardial blood flow in vivo with H215O . Circulation . 1984;70:724–733
  85. DiCarli M , Czernin J , Hoh CK , et al.   Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease . Circulation . 1995;91:1944–1951
  86. Nagamachi S , Czernin J , Kim AS , et al.   Reproducibility of measurements of regional resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow assessed with PET . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:1626–1631
  87. Sawada S , Muzik O , Beanlands RS , et al.   Interobserver and interstudy variability of myocardial blood flow and flow-reserve measurements with nitrogen 13 ammonia-labeled positron emission tomography . J Nucl Cardiol. . 1995;2:413–422
  88. Machac J , Knesaurek K , Chen H , et al.   Validation of a practical method of coronary flow reserve quantification with rubidium-82 myocardial PET perfusion imaging . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:P90
  89. Lin JW , Sciacca RR , Chou RL , et al.   Quantification of myocardial perfusion in human subjects using Rb-82 and wavelet-based noise reduction . J Nucl Med . 2001;42:201–208
  90. Demer LL , Gould KL , Westcot RJ , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary artery collaterals in man by PET perfusion imaging . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:259–270
  91. Garza D , Tosh AV , Roberti R , et al.   Detection of coronary collaterals using dipyridamole PET myocardial perfusion imaging with rubidium-82 . J Nucl Med . 1997;38:38–43
  92. Goldstein RA , Haynie M . Limited myocardial perfusion reserve in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:255–258
  93. Yoshida K , Mullani N , Gould KL . Coronary flow and flow reserve by PET simplified for clinical applications using rubidium-82 or nitrogen-13 ammonia . k J Nucl Med . 1996;37:1701–1712
  94. Mullani NA , Goldstein RA , Gould KL , et al.   Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. I. Measurement of extraction fraction and flow with external detectors . J Nucl Med . 1983;24:898–906
  95. Goldstein RA , Mullani NA , Fisher D , et al.   Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. II. The effects of metabolic and pharmacologic interventions . J Nucl Med . 1983;24:907–915
  96. Machac J , Knesaurek K , Chen H , et al.   Validation of a practical method of coronary flow reserve quantification with rubidium-82 myocardial PET perfusion imaging . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:P90
  97. DeKemp RA , Ruddy TD , Hewitt T , et al.   Detection of serial changes in absolute myocardial perfusion with 82Rb PET . J Nucl Med . 2000;41:1426–1435
  98. Yokoyama I , Momomura S , Ohtake T , et al.   Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary sclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy . Circulation . 1999;100:117–122
  99. Huggins GS , Pasternak RC , Alpert NM , et al.   Effects of short-term treatment of hyperlipidemia on coronary vasodilator function and myocardial perfusion in regions having substantial impairment of baseline dilator reverse . Circulation . 1998;98:1291–1296
  100. Henzlova MJ , Machac J , Squire A , et al.   Screening for the presence of coronary artery disease in patients with end stage liver disease using SPECT and PET imaging (Is dipyridamole a good stressor?) . J Nucl Cardiol . 2003;10:S5
  101. Machac J , Travis A , Almeida O , et al.   Is coronary flow reserve decreased in patients with end-stage liver disease? . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:P238
  102. Mishra RK , Sciammarella M , Dorbala S , et al.   Do changes in hemodynamics during intravenous adenosine infusion predict the magnitude of coronary hyperemia? . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:4P
  103. Parkash R , DeKamp RA , Ruddy TD , et al.   Potential utility of rubidium 82 PET quantification in patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease . J Nucl Cardiol . 2004;11:440–449
  104. Muzik O , Beanlands RSB , Hutchins GD , et al.   Validation of nitrogen-13-ammonia tracer kinetic model for quantification of myocardial blood flow using PET . J Nucl Med . 1993;34:83–91
  105. DiCarli M , Czernin J , Hoh CK , et al.   Relation among stenosis severity, myocardial blood flow, and flow reserve in patients with coronary artery disease . Circulation . 1995;91:1944–1951
  106. Gould KL , Lipscomb K , Hamilton GW . Physiological basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis . Am J Cardiol . 1974;33:87–94
  107. Khouri EM , Gregg DE , Lowensohn HS . Flow in the major branches of the left coronary artery during experimental coronary insufficiency in the unanesthetized dog . Circ Res . 1968;23:99–109
  108. Uren NG , Melin JA , DeBruyne B , et al.   Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary artery-stenosis . N Engl J Med . 1994;330:1782–1788
  109. Bache RJ , Cobb FR . Effect of maximal coronary vasodilation on transmural myocardial perfusion during tachycardia in the awake dog . Circ Res . 1977;41:648–653
  110. McGinn AL , White CW , Wilson RF . Intersudy variability of coronary flow reserve (Influence of heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and ventricular preload) . Circulation . 1990;81:1319–1330
  111. Rossen JD , Winniford MD . Effect of increases in heart rate and arterial pressure on coronary flow reserve in humans . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1993;21:343–348
  112. Hoffman JIE . Maximal coronary flow and the concept of coronary vascular reserve . Circulation . 1984;70:153–173
  113. Demer LL , Gould KL , Westcot RJ , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary artery collaterals in man by PET perfusion imaging . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:259–270
  114. Garza D , Tosh AV , Roberti R , et al.   Detection of coronary collaterals using dipyridamole PET myocardial perfusion imaging with rubidium-82 . J Nucl Med . 1997;38:38–43
  115. Akinboboye OO , Idris O , Chou RL , et al.   Absolute quantification of coronary artery steal induced by intravenous dipyridamole . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;37:109–116
  116. Yokoyama I , Momomura S , Ohtake T , et al.   Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary sclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy . Circulation . 1999;100:117–122
  117. Pethig K , Heublein B , Meliss RR , et al.   Volumetric remodeling of the proximal left coronary artery (Early versus late after heart transplantation) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1999;34:197–203
  118. Zanco P , Gambino A , Livi U , et al.   Changes in myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary reserve (CR) evaluated by PET early and late heart transplant . J Nucl Med . 2000;41:41P
  119. Sdringola S , Nakagawa K , Nakagawa Y , et al.   Combined lifestyle and pharmacologic lipid treatment further reduce coronary events and myocardial perfusion abnormalities compared with usual-care cholesterol-lowering drugs in coronary artery disease . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:263–272
  120. Gould KL , Ornish D , Scherwitz L , et al.   Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification . JAMA . 1996;275:1402–1403
  121. Yokoyama I , Momomura S , Ohtake T , et al.   Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary sclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy . Circulation . 1999;100:117–122
  122. Uren NG , Marraccini P , Gistri R , et al.   Altered coronary vasodilator reserve and metabolism in myocardium subtended by normal arteries in patients with coronary artery disease . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1993;22:650–658
  123. Zeiher AM , Drexler H , Wollschlager H , et al.   Endothelial dysfunction of the coronary microvasculature is associated with impaired coronary flow regulation in patients with early atherosclerosis . Circulation . 1991;84:1984–1992
  124. Yoshinaga K , Katoh C , Noriyasu K , et al.   Reduction of coronary flow reserve in areas with and without ischemia on stress perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease (A study using oxygen 15-labeled water PET) . J Nucl Cardiol . 2003;10:275–283
  125. Brunel P , Bourassa MG , Wiseman A . Different rates of coronary disease progression in patients with normal and mildly disease coronary arteries . Coronary Artery Dis . 1991;2:449–454
  126. Sdringola S , Patel D , Gould KL . High prevalence of myocardial perfusion abnormalities on positron emission tomography in asymptomatic persons with a parent of sibling with coronary artery disease . Circulation . 2001;103:496–501
  127. Rajappan K , Rimoldi O , Shafers KP , et al.   Evidence of stress-induced subendocardial hypoperfusion in patients with aortic stenosis demonstrated by positron emission tomography . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;37:419A
  128. Yokoyama I , Momomura S , Ohtake T , et al.   Improvement of impaired myocardial vasodilation due to diffuse coronary sclerosis in hypercholesterolemics after lipid-lowering therapy . Circulation . 1999;100:117–122
  129. Huggins GS , Pasternak RC , Alpert NM , et al.   Effects of short-term treatment of hyperlipidemia on coronary vasodilator function and myocardial perfusion in regions having substantial impairment of baseline dilator reverse . Circulation . 1998;98:1291–1296
  130. Yokoyama I . Improvement of myocardial flow reserve after successful improvement of hyperglycemia in non-insulin dependent diabetics (NIDDM) was more prominent in NIDDM with coronary artery disease rather than in NIDDM with chest pain syndrome . J Nucl Med . 1999;40:168P
  131. Czernin J , Barnard RJ , Sun KT , et al.   Effect of short-term cardiovascular conditioning and low-fat diet on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve . Circulation . 1995;92:197–204
  132. Helle T , Laaksonen R , Vesalainen R , et al.   The effect of pravastatin on myocardial blood flow in young healthy adults . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2000;35:418A
  133. Drexler H . Endothelial dysfunction (clinical implications) . Prog Cardiovasc Dis . 1997;39:287–324
  134. Schachinger V , Britten MB , Zeiher AM . Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary hear disease . Circulation . 2000;101:1899–1906
  135. Halcox JP , Schenke WH , Zalos G , et al.   prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction . Circulation . 2002;106:653–658
  136. Schindler T , Hornig B , Buser PET , et al.   prognostic value of abnormal reactivity of epicardial coronary arteries to sympathetic stimulation in patients with normal coronary angiograms . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2003;23:495–501
  137. Andersen TJ , Meredith IT , Yeung AC , et al.   The effect of cholesterol lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion . N Engl J Med . 1995;332:488–493
  138. Zeiher AM , Drexler H , Wollschlager H , et al.   Modulation of coronary vasomotor tone in humans (Progressive endothelial dysfunction with different early stages of coronary atherosclerosis) . Circulation . 1991;83:391–401
  139. Sendowski I , Savourey G , Launsay JC , et al.   Sympathetic stimulation induced by hand cooling alters cold-induced vasodilation in humans . Eur J Appl Physiol . 2000;81:303–309
  140. Heusch G , Baumgart D , Camici P , et al.   Alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial ischemia in humans . Circulation . 2001;101:689–694
  141. Baumgart D , Naber C , Haude M , et al.   G protein beta3 subunit 825T allele and enhanced coronary vasoconstriction on alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor activation . Circ Res . 1999;85:965–969
  142. Zeiher AM , Drexler H , Wollschlager H , et al.   Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans (Importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1989;14:1181–1190
  143. Schindler TH , Nitzsche EU , Olschewski M , et al.   PET-measured responses of MBF to cold pressor testing correlated with indices of coronary vasomotion on quantitative coronary angiography . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:419–428
  144. Schindler TH , Nitzche EU , Dacta AD , et al.   Abnormal longitudinal base-to-apex myocardial perfusion gradient in response to cold-pressure test as assessed by PET correlates with indices of epicardial vasomotion on quantitative angiography . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:2P
  145. Lanza GA , Manzoli A , Pasceri V , et al.   Ischemic-like ST-segment changes during Holter monitoring in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries but negative exercise testing . Am J Cardiol . 1997;79:1–6
  146. Schindler TH , Nitzsche E , Magosaki N , et al.   Regional myocardial perfusion defects during exercise, as assessed by three-dimensional integration of morphology and function, in relation to abnormal endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity of the coronary microcirculation . Heart . 2003;89:517–526
  147. Zeiher AM , Krause T , Schachinger V , et al.   Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of coronary resistance vessels is associated with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia . Circulation . 1995;91:2345–2352
  148. Nabel EG , Ganz P , Gordon JB , et al.   dilation of normal and constriction of atherosclerotic coronary arteries cause by the cold-pressor test . Circulation . 1988;77:43–52
  149. Zeiher AM , Drexler H , Saurbier B , et al.   Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulation in humans (Effects of age, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension) . J Clin Invest . 1993;92:652–662
  150. Schindler TH , Nitzsche EU , Olschewski M , et al.   PET-measured responses of MBF to cold pressor testing correlated with indices of coronary vasomotion on quantitative coronary angiography . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:419–428
  151. Quinones MJ , Hernandez-Pampaloni M , Schelbert H , et al.   Coronary vasomotor abnormalities in insulin-resistant individuals . Ann Intern Med . 2004;140:700–708
  152. Nitenberg A , Ledoux S , Valensi P , Sachs R , et al.   Impairment of coronary microvascular dilation in response to cold-pressor induced sympathetic stimulation in type 2 diabetic patients with abnormal stress-thallium imaging . Diabetes . 2001;50:1180–1185
  153. Momose M , Abletshauser C , Neverve J , et al.   Dysregulation of coronary microvascular reactivity in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Eur J Nucl Med . 2002;29:1675–1679
  154. Schindler TH , Nitzche EU , Olschewski M , et al.   Chronic inflammation and impaired coronary vasoreactivity in patients with coronary risk factors . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:7P
  155. Schindler TH , Facta AD , Quinones MJ , et al.   Metabolic syndrome is associated with abnormal coronary circulatory functions as measured by N-13 ammonia and PET . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:65P
  156. Schindler TH , Facta AD , Prior JO , et al.   Association of serum leptin levels and coronary vasomotor function in obesity . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:64P
  157. Campisi R , Czernin J , Schoder H , et al.   L-arginine normalizes coronary vasomotion in long-term smokers . Circulation . 1999;99:491–497
  158. Schindler TH , Magosaki N , Jeserich M , et al.   Effect of ascorbic acid on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in chronic smokers assessed by cold-pressor testing . Cardiology . 2000;94:239–246
  159. Schindler TH , Nitzsche EU , Munzel T , et al.   Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold-pressor testing (Contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;42:814–822
  160. Morita K , Noriyasu K , Tsukamoto T , et al.   Reversible endothelial dysfunction after one month smoking cessation in healthy young smokers . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:3P
  161. Facta AD , Schindler TH , Prior JO , et al.   Noninvasively measured myocardial blood flow responses to sympathetic stimulation may allow assessment of glucose control in type 2 diabetes . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:236P
  162. DiCarli MF , Alfonso L , Campisi R , et al.   Coronary vascular dysfunction in premenopausal women with diabetes mellitus . Am Heart J . 2002;144:711–718
  163. Campisi R , Nathan L , Pampaloni MH , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary microcirculatory function in post-menopausal women and effects of short-term and long-term estrogen administration . Circulation . 2002;105:E9069–E9070
  164. Jensen LO , Thayssen P , Pedersen KE , et al.   Regression of coronary atherosclerosis by simvastatin (A serial intravascular ultrasound study) . Circulation . 2004;110:265–270
  165. Prior JO , Facta AD , Schindler TH , et al.   Effect of the number of criteria of the metabolic syndrome on coronary circulatory function as measured by N-13 ammonia and PET . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:237P
  166. Kjaer A , Meyer C , Nielsen FS , et al.   Dipyridamole, cold pressor test, and demonstration of endothelial dysfunction (A PET study of myocardial perfusion in diabetes) . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:19–23
  167. Bonetti PO , Lerman LO , Lerman A . Endothelial dysfunction (A marker of atherosclerotic risk) . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2003;23:168–175
  168. Loscalzo J . Functional polymorphisms in a candidate gene for atherothrombosis (Unraveling the complex fabric of a polygenic phenotype) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:946–948
  169. Schachinger V , Britten MB , Zeiher AM . Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary hear disease . Circulation . 2000;101:1899–1906
  170. Gould KL , Goldstein RA , Mullani NA . Economic analysis of clinical positron emission tomography of the heart with rubidium-82 . J Nucl Med . 1989;30:707–717
  171. Gould KL . Goal, gold standards and accuracy of non-invasive myocardial perfusion imaging for identifying and assessing severity of coronary artery disease . Curr Opin Cardiol . 1989;4:834–844
  172. Gould KL , Mullani NA , Williams B . PET, PTCA, and economic priorities . Clin Cardiol . 1990;13:153–164
  173. Patterson RE , Eisner RL , Horowitz SF , et al.   comparison of cost-effectiveness and utility of exercise ECG, single photon emission tomography, and coronary angiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease . Circulation . 1995;91:54–65
  174. Merhige ME . PET myocardial perfusion imaging (A new standard for the management of coronary artery disease) . Appl Imaging . 2000;191:1–4
  175. Patterson RE , Eisner RL , Horowitz SF , et al.   comparison of cost-effectiveness and utility of exercise ECG, single photon emission tomography, and coronary angiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease . Circulation . 1995;91:54–65
  176. DiCarli MF , Asgazadie F , Schelbert HR , et al.   Relation of myocardial perfusion at rest and during pharmacologic stress to the PET patterns of tissue viability in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction . J Nucl Cardiol . 1998;5:558–566
  177. DiCarli M , Asgarzadie F , Schelbert HR , et al.   Quantitative relation between myocardial viability and improvement in heart failure symptoms after revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy . Circulation . 1995;92:3436–3444
  178. DiCarli MF , Davidson M , Little R , et al.   Value of metabolic imaging with positron emission tomography for evaluating prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction . Am J Cardiol . 1994;73:527–533
  179. Eitzman D , al-Aouar Z , Kanter HL , et al.   Clinical outcome of patients with advanced coronary artery disease after viability studies with positron emission tomography . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1992;20:559–565
  180. Kron IL , Flanagan TL , Blackbourne LH , et al.   Coronary revascularization rather than cardiac transplantation for chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy . Ann Surg . 1989;210:348–352
  181. Lee KS , Marwick TH , Cook SA , et al.   Prognosis of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, with or without viable myocardium after myocardial infarction . Relative efficacy of medical therapy and revascularization . 1994;90:2687–2694
  182. Yoshida D , Gould KL . Quantitative relation of myocardial infarct size and myocardial viability by positron emission tomography to left ventricular ejection fraction and 3-year mortality with and without revascularization . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1993;22:984–997
  183. vom Dahl J , Altehoefer C , Sheehan FH , et al.   Effect of myocardial viability assessed by technetium-99m-sestamibi SPECT and fluorine-18-FDG PET on clinical outcome in coronary artery disease . J Nucl Med . 1997;38:742–748
  184. Tillisch J , Brunken R , Marshall R , et al.   Reversibility of cardiac wall motion abnormalities predicted by positron emission tomography . N Engl J Med . 1986;314:884–888
  185. Srinivasan G , Kitsiou AN , Bacharach SL , et al.   F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose single photon enission computed tomography (Can it replace PET and thallium SPECT for the assessment of myocardial viability?) . Circulation . 1998;97:843–850
  186. Arrhighi JA , CK NG , Dey HM , et al.   Effect of left ventricular function on the assessment of myocardial viability by technetium-99m sestamibi and correlation with positron tomography in patients with healed myocardial infarcts of stable angina pectoris, or both . Am J Cardiol . 1997;80:1007–1013
  187. Hernandez-Pampaloni M , Allada V , Fishbein MC , et al.   Myocardial perfusion and viability by positron emission tomography in infants and children with coronary abnormalities (Correlation with echocardiography, coronary angiography, and histopathology) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:618–626
  188. Bacharach SL , Bax JJ , Case J , et al.   PET myocardial glucose metabolism and perfusion imaging. Part I-Guidelines for patient preparation and data acquisition . J Nucl Cardiol . 2003;10:543–554
  189. Dilsizian V , Arrighi JA , Diodati JG , et al.   Myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Comparison of 99m Tc-sestamibi with thallium reinjection and 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose . Circulation . 1994;89:578–587
  190. Goldstein RA . Kinetics of rubidium-82 after coronary occlusion and reperfusion . J Clin Invest . 1985;75:1131–1137
  191. Gould KL , Haynie M , Hess MJ , et al.   Myocardial metabolism of fluorodeoxyglucose compared to cell membrane integrity for the potassium analog Rb-82 for assessing viability and infarct size in man by PET . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1–9
  192. Gould KL , Yoshida K , Hess MJ , et al.   Myocardial metabolism of fluorodeoxyglucose compared to cell membrane integrity for the potassium analogue rubidium-82 for assessing infarct size in man by PET . J Nucl Med . 1991;32:1–9
  193. VomDahl J , Muzik O , Wolfe ER , et al.   Myocardial ubidium-82 tissue kinetics assessed by dynamic positron emission tomography as a marker of myocardial cell membrane integrity and viability . Circulation . 1996;93:238–245
  194. Almeida O , Machac J , Knesaurek K , et al.   The predictive value of rest and stress rubidium-82 washout for the determination of myocardial viability . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:P7
  195. Beanlands RS , DeKemp R , Scheffel A , et al.   Can nitrogen-13 ammonia kinetic modeling define myocardial viability independent of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose? . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;29:537–543
  196. Chan P , Machac J , Almeida O , et al.   The prevalence and impact of vertical heart movement during rest and stress rubidium-82 cardiac PET imaging . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:210–211P
  197. Loghin C , Sdringola  , Gould KL . Common artifacts in PET myocardial perfusion images due to attenuation-emission misregistration (Clinical significance, causes, and solution) . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:1029–1039
  198. Chan P , Machac J , Almeida O , et al.   The prevalence and impact of vertical heart movement during rest and stress rubidium-82 cardiac PET imaging . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:210–211P
  199. DiFilippo FP , Brunken RC , Neumann DR , et al.   Initial clinical experience with Rb-82 cardiac PET imaging on a PET/CT system . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:117P
  200. DiCarli MF , Dorbala S , Mishra R , et al.   Clinical myocardial perfusion PET/CT imaging with rubidium-82 (Initial experience in 94 patients) . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:117P
  201. DiCarli MF , Dorbala S , Mishra R , et al.   Clinical myocardial perfusion PET/CT imaging with rubidium-82 (Initial experience in 94 patients) . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:117P
  202. Wassenaar RW , Wells RG , DeKemp R , et al.   Clinical evaluation of CT versus Ge-68 attenuation correction in cardiac PET imaging . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:118P
  203. Stanger R , Jana S , Mistein D , et al.   Accuracy of CT transmission maps in PET imaging studies . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:41P
  204. Brunken RC , DiFilippo FP , Bybel B , et al.   Clinical evaluation of cardiac PET attenuation correction using “fast” and “slow” CT images . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:120P
  205. Erdi YE , Pevsner K , Rosenzweig E , et al.   4D-PET/CT acquisition in the thorax . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:48P
  206. Kim JH , Czernin J , Auerbach M , et al.   Mutual information software fusion of PET and CT improves image coregistration of in-line PET/CT images . J Nucl Med . 2004;48P
  207. Quantitation of respiratory motion during 4D PET/CT acquisition . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:49P
  208. Facta AD , Prior JO , Schindler TH , et al.   Coronary vasomotor function by PET and coronary calcification by EBT in normals and diabetics . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:240–241P
  209. Prior JO , Facta AD , Schindler TH , et al.   Severe coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) in asymptomatic subjects is not correlated with coronary circulatory dysfunction as measured by PET . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:108P
  210. Glass ED , Ashby SP , Khoury JD , et al.   Comparison of myocardial perfusion imaging with coronary calcium and angiography by multidetector CT . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:108P
  211. Ropers D , Baum U , Phle K , et al.   Detection of coronary artery stenoses with thin-slice multidetector row spiral computed tomography and multiplanar reconstruction . Circulation . 2003;107:664–666
  212. Paul JF , Ohanessian A , Caussin Ch , et al.   Visualization of coronary tree and detection of coronary artery stenosis using 16-slice, sub-millimeter computed tomography (Preliminary experience) . Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss . 2004;97:31–36
  213. Namdar M , Hany TF , Siegrist PT , et al.   Improved CAD assessment using a combined PET . CT scanner. J Nucl Med . 2004;45:117P
  214. Faber TL , Garcia EV , Hertel S , et al.   Evaluation of automatic fusion of coronary arteries onto left ventricular surfaces from PET/CT . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:399P
  215. In:  Cherry SR ,  Sorenson JA ,  Phelps M editor. Physics in Nuclear Medicine . ed 3. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2003;p. 331
  216. Cho ZH , Chan JK , Ericksson L , et al.   Positron ranges obtained from biomedically important positron-emitting radionuclides . J Nucl Med . 1975;16:1174–1176
  217. Phelps ME , Hoffman EJ , Huang SC , et al.   Effect of positron range on spatial resolution . J Nucl Med . 1975;16:649–652
  218. Derenzo SE , Budinger TF . Resolution limit for positron imaging devices . J Nucl Med . 1977;18:491–492
  219. Schelbert HR , Phelps ME , Huang SC , et al.   N-13 ammonia as an indicator of myocardial blood flow . Circulation . 1981;63:1259–1272
  220. Mullani NA , Goldstein RA , Gould KL . Myocardial perfusion with rubidium-82. I- Measurement of extraction fraction and flow with external detectors . J Nucl Med . 1983;24:898–906
  221. Schelbert HR , Schwaiger M . PET studies of the heart . In:  Phelps ME ,  Mazziotta JC ,  Schelbert HR editor. Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography, Principles and Applications for the Brain and Heart . New York: Raven Press; 1986;p. 581–661
  222. Stabin MG , Stubbs JB , Toohey RE . In: Radiation dose estimates for radiopharmaceutical . Oak Ridge, TN: Radiation Dose Information Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education; 1996;p. 10–28
  223. Bateman TM . PET myocardial perfusion imaging (Making the transition to a clinical routine) . Appl Imaging . 2002;3:1–6
  224. Gould KL , Goldstein RA , Mullani NA , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilation. VIII. Clinical feasibility of positron cardiac imaging without a cyclotron using generator produced rubidium-82 . Am J Cardiol . 1986;7:775–789
  225. Demer LL , Gould KL , Goldstein RA , et al.   Assessment of coronary artery disease severity by positron emission tomography (Comparison with quantitative arteriography in 193 patients) . Circulation . 1989;79:825–835
  226. Go R , Marwick T , MacIntyre W , et al.   A prospective comparison of rubidium-82 PET and thallium-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging utilizing a single dipyridamole stress in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1899–1905
  227. Schelbert H , Wisenberg G , Phelps M , et al.   Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenoses by myocardial imaging during pharmacological coronary vasodilation, VI (Detection of coronary artery disease in man with intravenous 14-NH3 and positron computed tomography) . Am J Cardiol . 1982;49:1197–1207
  228. Yonekura Y , Tamaki N , Senda M , et al.   Detection of coronary artery disease with 13-N ammonia and high resolution positron-emission computed tomography . Am Heart J . 1987;113:645–654
  229. Williams B , Jansen D , Wong L , et al.   Positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (A non-university experience and correlation with coronary angiography) . J Nucl Med . 1989;30:845
  230. Stewart RE , Schwaiger M , Molina E , et al.   Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol . 1991;67:1303–1310
  231. Tamaki N , Yonekura Y , Senda M , et al.   Value and limitations of stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (Comparison with nitrogen-13 ammonia positron tomography) . J Nucl Med . 1988;29:1181–1188
  232. Go R , Marwick T , MacIntyre W , et al.   A prospective comparison of rubidium-82 PET and thallium-201 SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging utilizing a single dipyridamole stress in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1899–1905
  233. Stewart RE , Schwaiger M , Molina E , et al.   Comparison of rubidium-82 positron emission tomography and thallium-201 SPECT imaging for detection of coronary artery disease . Am J Cardiol . 1991;67:1303–1310
  234. Tamaki N , Yonekura Y , Senda M , et al.   Value and limitations of stress thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (Comparison with nitrogen-13 ammonia positron tomography) . J Nucl Med . 1988;29:1181–1188
  235. Flegal KM , Carroll MD , Ogden CL , et al.   Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 . JAMA . 2002;288:1723–1727
  236. Almeida O , Machac J , Travis A , et al.   Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction with gated cardiac rubidium-82 positron emission tomography . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:224P
  237. Gould KL , Nakagawa Y , Nakagawa K , et al.   Frequency and clinical implications of fluid dynamically significant diffuse coronary artery disease manifest as graded, longitudinal, base-to-apex myocardial perfusion abnormalities by noninvasive positron emission tomography . Circulation . 2000;101:1931–1939
  238. Gould KL , Goldstein RA , Mullani NA . Economic analysis of clinical positron emission tomography of the heart with rubidium-82 . J Nucl Med . 1989;30:707–717
  239. Gould KL , Haynie M , Hess MJ , et al.   Myocardial metabolism of fluorodeoxyglucose compared to cell membrane integrity for the potassium analog Rb-82 for assessing viability and infarct size in man by PET . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1–9
  240. Package Insert for Cardiogen-82, Internal Dosimetry Center at Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Bracco Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ
  241. Bateman TM , McGhie AI , Heller GV , et al.   ECG-Gated rubidium-82 perfusion PET imaging (A multiexpert comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT) . Circulation . 2004;110: III-611

PII: S0001-2998(04)00061-3

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2004.09.002

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 1 , Pages 17-36 , January 2005