Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 266-276 , October 2005

Radionuclide Imaging of the Parathyroid Glands

  • Christopher J. Palestro, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
    • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Christopher J. Palestro, MD, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040.
    • ,
  • Maria B. Tomas, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
    • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY.
    • ,
  • Gene G. Tronco, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Nuclear Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY.

References 

  1. Parfitt AM . Parathyroid growth (Normal and abnormal) . In:  Bilezikian JP editors. The Parathyroids (Basic and Clinical Concepts) . (ed 2). New York: Raven Press; 2001;p. 293–329
  2. Yao K , Singer FR , Roth SI , et al.   Weight of normal parathyroid glands in patients with parathyroid adenomas . J Clin Endorinol Metab . 2004;89:3208–3213
  3. In:  Bannister LH ,  Berry MM ,  Collins P , et al. editor. Gray’s Anatomy . New York: Churchill Livingston; 1995;p. 17
  4. Mansberger AR , Wei JP . Surgical embryology and anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands . Surg Clin North Am . 1993;73:727–746
  5. Wang C . The anatomic basis of parathyroid surgery . Ann Surg . 1976;183:271–275
  6. Garvie NW . Imaging the parathyroids . In:  Peters AM editors. Nuclear Medicine in Radiologic Diagnosis . London: Martin Dunitz; 2003;p. 681–694
  7. US Census Bureau . Population Estimates . 2004;
  8. Pyra LN , Hodgkinson A , Anderson CK . Primary hyperparathyroidism . Br J Surg . 1966;53:245–316
  9. Niederle B , Roka R , Woloszczuk W , Klaushofer K , et al.   Successful parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism (A clinical follow up study of 212 consecutive patients) . Surgery . 1987;102:903–909
  10. Mariani G , Gulec SA , Rubello D , et al.   Preoperative localization and radioguided parathyroid surgery . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:1443–1458
  11. Sofferman RA , Nathan MH , Fairbank JT , et al.   Preoperative technetium 99m sestamibi imaging (Paving the way to minimal-access parathyroid surgery) . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1996;122:369–374
  12. In:  Bilezikian JP ,  Marcus R ,  Levine MA editor. The Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism. The Parathyroids . (ed 2). San Diego: Academic Press; 2001;p. 487–498
  13. Sackett WR , Barraclough B , Reeve TS , et al.   Worldwide trends in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in the era of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy . Arch Surg . 2002;137:1055–1059
  14. Udelsman R , Donovan PI , Sokoll LJ . One hundred consecutive minimally invasive parathyroid explorations . Arch Surg . 2000;31:1074–1078
  15. Krusback AJ , Wilson SD , Lawson TL , et al.   Prospective comparison of radionuclide, computed tomographic, sonographic, and magnetic resonance localization of parathyroid tumors . Surgery . 1989;106:639–646
  16. Clark OH , Okerlund MD , Moss AA . Localization studies in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism . Surgery . 1985;98:1083–1094
  17. Czerniak A , Zwas ST , Shustik O , et al.   The use of radioiodinated toluidine blue for preoperative localization of parathyroid pathology . Surgery . 1991;110:832–838
  18. DiGuilo W , Beierwalters WH . Parathyroid scanning with selenium-75 labeled methionine . J Nucl Med . 1964;5:417
  19. Ferlin G , Borsato N , Camerani M , et al.   New perspectives in localizing enlarged parathyroids by technetium-thallium subtraction scan . J Nucl Med . 1983;24:438–441
  20. Basso LV , Keeling C , Goris ML . Parathyroid imaging (use of dual isotope scintigraphy for the localization of adenoma before surgery) . Clin Nucl Med . 1992;17:380–383
  21. Sandrock D , Merino MJ , Norton JA , et al.   Parathyroid imaging by Tc/Tl scintigraphy . Eur J Nucl Med . 1990;16:607–613
  22. Hauty M , Swartz K , McClung M , et al.   Technetium-thallium scintiscanning for localization of parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia . Am J Surgery . 1987;153:479–486
  23. Coakley AJ , Kettle AG , Wells CP , et al.   99mTc-sestamibi—a new agent for parathyroid imaging . Nucl Med Commun . 1989;10:791–794
  24. Chiu ML , Kronauge JF , Piwnica WD . Effect of mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential on accumulation of Hexakis (2-Methoxy isobutyl isonitrile) Technetium in cultured mouse fibroblasts . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1646–1653
  25. Hetrakul N , Civelek AC , Stagg CA , et al.   In-vitro accumulation of technetium 99m sestamibi in human parathyroid mitochondria . Surgery . 2001;130:1011–1018
  26. Taillefer R , Boucher Y , Potvin C , et al.   Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study) . J Nucl Med . 1992;33:1801–1807
  27. Melloul M , Paz A , Koren R , et al.   99m Tc-MIBI scintigraphy of parathyroid adenomas and its relation to tumour size and oxyphil cell abundance . Eur J Nucl Med . 2001;28:209–213
  28. Hindie E , Melliere D , Jeanguillaume C , et al.   Parathyroid imaging using simultaneous double-window recording of technetium-99m-sestamibi and iodine-123 . J Nucl Med . 1998;39:1100–1105
  29. Kipper MS , LaBarbera JJ , Krohn LD , et al.   Localization of a parathyroid adenoma by the addition of pinhole imaging to Tc-99m sestamibi dual-phase scintigraphy. Report of a case and review of experience . Clin Nucl Med . 1992;22:73–75
  30. Billotey C , Sarfati E , Aurengo A , et al.   Advantages of SPECT in technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:1773–1778
  31. Sfakianakis GN , Irvin GL , Foss J , et al.   Efficient parathyroid guided by SPECT-MIBI and hormonal measurements . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:798–804
  32. Lorberboym ML , Minski I , Macadziob S , et al.   Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative 99m Tc-MIBI SPECT in patients with a parathyroid adenoma . J Nucl Med . 2003;44:904–908
  33. Clark PB , Perrier ND , Morton KA . Detection of an intrathymic parathyroid adenoma using single-photon emission CT 99mTc sestamibi scintigraphy and CT . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2005;184:S16–S18
  34. Gayed IW , Kim EE , Broussard WF , et al.   The value of 99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT over conventional SPECT in the evaluation of parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia . J Nucl Med . 2005;46:248–252
  35. Sun SS , Shiau YC , Lin CC , et al.   Correlation between P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in parathyroid and Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid image findings . Nucl Med Biol . 2001;28:929–933
  36. Torregrossa JV , Fernandez-Cruz L , Canalupo A , et al.   99mTc-Sestamibi scintigraphy and cell cycle in parathyroid glands of secondary hyperparathyroidism . World J Surg . 2000;24:1386–1390
  37. Bhatnagar A , Vezza PR , Bryan JA , et al.   Technetium-99m-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy (Effect of P-glycoprotein, histology and tumor size on detectability) . J Nucl Med . 1998;39:1617–1620
  38. Heller KS , Attie JN , Dubner S . Parathyroid localization (inability to predict multiple gland involvement) . Am J Surg . 1993;166:357–359
  39. Pattou F , Huglo D , Proye C . Radionuclide scanning in parathyroid diseases . Br J Surg . 1998;85:1605–1616
  40. Bergson EJ , Snyter LA , Dubner S , et al.   Sestamibi scans and intra-operative PTH measurement in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism due to multiple gland disease . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 2004;130:87–91
  41. Katz SC , Wang GJ , Kramer EL , et al.   Limitations of technetium 99m sestamibi scintigraphic localization for primary hyperparathyroidism associated with multiglandular disease . Am Surg . 2003;69:170–175
  42. Ishibashi M , Nishida H , Kumabe T , et al.   Tc99m tetrofosmin. A new diagnostic tracer for parathyroid imaging . Clin Nucl Med . 1995;20:902–905
  43. Arbab AS , Koizumi K , Arki T . Uptake of technetium-99m tetrofosmin, technetium-99m MIBI and thallium 201 in tumor cell lines . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:551–556
  44. Fjeld JG , Erichsen K , Pfeffer PF , et al.   Technetium-99m-tetrofosmin for parathyroid scintigraphy (a comparison with sestamibi) . J Nucl Med . 1998;38:831–834
  45. Vallejos V , Martin-Comin J , Gonzalez MT , et al.   The usefulness of Tc-99m tetrofosmin scintigraphy in the diagnosis and localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands . Clin Nucl Med . 1999;24:959–964

PII: S0001-2998(05)00032-2

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.06.001

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 35, Issue 4 , Pages 266-276 , October 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution