Annual Indexes
Article Outline
Author index
Aarsvold, J.N., 116
Alazraki, N.P., 116
Bateman, T.M., 37
Beguin, Y., 186
Bergmann, S.R., 2
Berman, D.S., 62
Blaufox, M.D., 1, 83, 159, 213
Boschetti, M., 176
Capuzzi, D.M., 257
Cascini, G.L., 176
Cook, G., 135
Cullom, S.J., 37
Dam, H.Q., 257
DeNardo, G.L., 202
DeNardo, S.J., 143
Dobrucki, L.W., 73
Eubank, W.B., 84
Ferone, D., 176
Fillet, G., 186
Fogelman, I., 135
Freeman, L.M., 1, 83, 159, 213
Graham, M.M., 214, 220
Hachamovitch, R., 62
Heckman, J.T., 129
Hustinx, R., 186
Intenzo, C.M., 257
Israel, O., 135
Jabbour, S., 257
Jerusalem, G., 186
Kaleya, R.N., 129
Lastoria, S., 176
Lu, P., 160, 197
Machac, J., 17
Mankoff, D.A., 84
Menda, Y., 214, 220
Mieres, J.H., 52
Minuto, F., 176
Most, M., 129
Palestro, C.J., 266
Pitman, K.T., 253
Rosman, D.R., 52
Semino, C., 176
Shaw, L.J., 52
Silberstein, E.B., 152
Sinusas, A.J., 73
Taillefer, R., 100
Tomas, M.B., 266
Travin, M.I., 2
Tronco, G.G., 266
Van der Wall, H., 135
Zager, J.S., 129
Subject index
AE fold. See Aryepiglottic (AE) fold
Aerodigestive tract, upper, difficult in accessing sites of, in sentinel node localization in head and neck tumors, 255
Allergic reactions, to mAbs, 208
Ammonia, 13, 18t, 19, 19f, 19t
Angiogenesis, cardiovascular molecular imaging in, 75
Anterior scalene muscle, normal uptake in, 221f
Antibody(ies), radiolabeled, for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 202–211, 204f-207f, 204t, 205t, 209f. See also Radiolabeled antibodies (mAbs), for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Apoptosis, cardiovascular molecular imaging in, 80
Artifact(s), downscatter, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 42, 42f
Aryepiglottic (AE) fold, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 239f
Atherosclerosis, cardiovascular molecular imaging in, 77–80, 78f, 79f
Attenuation, physics of, 38–39, 39f
Attenuation correction SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, 37–51, 39f-42f, 45f-47f, 47t. See also Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging, attenuation correction
Attenuation-corrected scan, 44–45
Axillary lymph nodes
detection of, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 106–107, 108t
metastatic, evaluation of, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 111, 111f
staging of, in breast cancer, PET in, 86–88, 87f, 87t, 88f
Bexxar, for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 205–206, 205t, 207f
Biochemical markers, in doxorubicin recipients, in monitoring cardiac function, 199–200, 200f
Bisphosphonate(s), for painful bone metastases, 157
“Blank” scans, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 41–42
Blood flow, myocardial
clinical applications of, 25–26, 25f, 25t
quantification of, cardiac PET in, 25
Blue dye, radiotracer vs., in breast cancer detection, 118
Bone marrow infiltration, evaluation of, SSR scintigraphy in, 180
Bone metastases
in breast cancer, PET for, 136–139, 139f, 140f
in lung cancer, PET for, 140–141
painful
radiopharmaceuticals in, 153, 154–156, 154t
treatment of
bisphosphonates in, 157
β-emitters in, unsealed, 157
radiation in, 154
radiopharmaceuticals in, 152–158, 154t
telepathy in, 152–158, 154t, 156–157
PET and, 135–142, 137f-140f. See also Positron emission tomography (PET), bone metastases and
in prostate cancer, PET for, 139–140, 140f
Breast(s), “iatrogenic” architectural distortion of, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 109
Breast cancer
bone metastases in, PET for, 136–139, 139f, 140f
ductal carcinoma in situ, detection of, controversies related to, 122
high-risk patients for, evaluation of, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 110
locally advanced, neoadjuvant therapy for, sentinel node reliability after, 123
molecular targets for, 144–149, 144f-147f
mortality of, 84
neoadjuvant chemotherapy for, LMSNB after, 132
PET in, 84–99, 85f, 87f-94f, 87t
in axillary node staging, 86–88, 87f, 87t, 88f
described, 84
evaluation of, 91–92, 92f
future applications of, 92–95, 93f, 94f
instrumentation in, 85, 85f
principles of, 85, 85f
prevalence of, 84
primary
detection of, FDG-PET in, 85–86
FDG uptake in, prognostic value of, 86
radioimmunodetection of, 143–151, 144f-147f
HAMAs in, 149
synergy studies of, 149
toxicity in, 149
recurrence of, locoregional and distant, detection of, PET in, 88–91, 88f-91f
sentinel lymph nodes in patients with
detection of, 116–128, 119f, 122f, 124f
background of, 116–117
controversies related to, 121–123, 122f
false-negative rate in, 123
future of, 126
gamma counting probes in, 120–121
intraoperative gamma imaging in, 125–126
micrometastases in, prognostic significance of, 121
pathologist’s role in, 121
radiation safety in, 123
radiotracers in, 118–120, 119f. See also Radiotracer(s), in breast cancer detection
vs. blue dye in, 118
FDG-PET for, 123
internal mammary, detection of, controversies related to, 120–121, 121f
treatment of, 143–151, 144f-147f
CEA in, 144–145, 144f
HAMAs in, 149
HER-2/Neu antigen target in, 144–145, 145f
L6 antigen target in, 148
MUC-1 antigen target in, 146–148, 146f, 147f
synergy studies of, 149
TAG-72 antigen target in, 148–149
toxicity in, 149
Breast disease, multifocal, assessment of, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 110
Breast implants, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 109, 109f
Breast mass, on equivocal mammography, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 109
Breast tumors, chemotherapy for, evaluation after, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 110
CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Cancer
breast. See Breast cancer
head and neck, squamous, FDG/PET in, 214–219, 215t-217t
lung, bone metastases in, PET for, 140–141
prostate, bone metastases in, PET for, 140–141
thyroid, differentiated, management of, changing concepts in, 257–265, 259f, 262f. See also Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), management of, changing concepts in
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) target, in breast cancer therapy, 144–145, 144f
Carcinoma of unknown primary tumor of squamous cell origin, 216–217, 217t
Cardiac function, in doxorubicin recipients, monitoring of, 197–201, 198f, 200f
Cardiac PET, 17–36, 18t-20t, 19f-25f, 22t, 23t, 25t, 27f-29f, 30t. See also Positron emission tomography (PET), cardiac
Cardiovascular molecular imaging, 73–81, 74f, 75t, 76f-79f
in angiogenesis, 75
in apoptosis, 80
applications of, 75–77, 76f
in atherosclerosis, 77–80, 78f, 79f
described, 74
historical perspective of, 73–74
newer applications of, 74
technology related to, 74–75, 74f, 75t
of αvβ3 integrin, 76–77, 77f
in vascular injury, 77–80, 78f, 79f
in VEGF, 75–76, 76f
Cardiovascular molecular imaging in clinical decision making, in postinfarction remodeling, 79–80
CEA target. See Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) target
Cell(s), lymphoid. See Lymphoid cells
Central nervous system (CNS), evaluation of, SSR scintigraphy in, 180
Cervical esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 242f
Chemotherapy, high-dose, in lymphoma treatment
chemosensitivity evaluation before, 191–192, 191t
evaluation after, 192–194, 192t, 193t
CHF. See Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Children
cardiac PET imaging in, 23–24
lymphomas in, evaluation of, SSR scintigraphy in, 181
Clinical decision making, nuclear cardiology in, 62–72, 63f-66f, 68f, 69f. See also Nuclear cardiology, in clinical decision making
Computed tomography (CT)
in initial staging of lymphoma, 165–175, 166f-170f, 173f
future perspectives on, 173–174, 173f
PET with, impact of, 29–30, 30t
Computed tomography (CT)-based systems, 39–40, 41f
Computed tomography (CT)–PET, bone metastases and, 141
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
CAD effects on, MPI in, 57–59, 58f
MPI for, 57–59, 58f
viable myocardium in setting of, 58
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
in diabetic patients, diagnosis of, MPI in, 54–55
effects on CHF, MPI in, 57–59, 58f
suspected, in women
diagnosis of, MPI in, 52–53
recommendations for, 54–55, 54f
risk assessment of, MPI in, 53–54
in women, diagnosis of, MPI in, 53–55, 54f
Cortistatin, in lymphoid cells, significance of, 177–178
CT. See Computed tomography (CT)
Diabetes mellitus
CAD in patients with, diagnosis of, MPI in, 54–55
clinical management of, MPI in, 54
risk assessment of, MPI in, 56, 56f
stress MPI for, 57, 57f
women with, MPI in, 56–57
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)
diagnosis of, current approach after, 257–258
long-term monitoring of
radioiodine WBS in, 260–261
serum Tg in, 259–260
thyroglobulin and radioiodine scanning in, 259–261
management of
after diagnosis, current approach, 257–258
changing concepts in, 257–265, 259f, 262f
FDG/PET in, 263
in patients with localized but nonresectable metastases, 263
in patients with nonlocalized metastases, 263
RAI in
indications for, 257–258
inpatient vs. outpatient, 263–264
recombinant thyrotropin vs. thyroid hormone withdrawal in, 258, 259f
in Tg-positive/I-131–negative patients, 262–263
thyroid stunning in, 261–262, 262f
Dobutamine stress echocardiography, in myocardial viability assessment, 11–12
Downscatter artifacts, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 42, 42f
Doxorubicin, cardiac function in patients receiving
monitoring of, 197–201, 198f, 200f
biochemical markers in, 199–200, 200f
in vivo detection of myocyte damage, 199–200, 200f
DTC. See Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC)
Ductal carcinoma in situ, in breast cancer patients, detection of, controversies related to, 122
ECG. See Electrocardiography (ECG)
Echocardiography
dobutamine stress, in myocardial viability assessment, 11–12
nuclear studies vs., in myocardial viability assessment, 12, 12f
Electrocardiography (ECG) gating, in attenuation correction SPECT, 46–47
Emission scans, misregistration of, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 42–43
β-Emitters, unsealed, for painful bone metastases, 157
Epiglottis, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 237f
Equivocal mammography, breast mass on, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 109
Esophagus, cervical, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 242f
Ethmoid sinuses, squamous cell carcinoma of, poorly differentiated, PET/CT in, 227f
186Re-Etidronate, for painful bone metastases, 156
External beam radiotherapy, for painful bone metastases, 152–153
External radionuclide source systems, 39, 40f
Extracardiac activity, attenuation correction impact on, 43
False vocal cord, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 241f
FDG. See 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), in myocardial viability assessment, 9–11, 10f, 11t
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), uptake of, in primary tumor, prognostic value of, 86
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET
in breast cancer, 85–86
for sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, 123
in squamous head and neck cancers, 214–219, 215t-217t
for initial staging, 214–215, 215t
radiotherapy plan for, 215–216, 216t
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET
in DTC management, 263
in initial staging of lymphoma, vs. conventional staging techniques, 170–172
Gamma probes
in breast cancer detection, 120–121
intraoperative, in lymphatic mapping, 132
Head and neck, normal structures of, appearance of, 221f-226f
Head and neck cancers
FDG/PET in, response to, evaluation of, 217–218
PET/CT in, response to, evaluation of, 217–218
squamous
FDG/PET in, 214–219, 215t-217t
PET/CT in, 214–219, 215t-217t
Head and neck tumors
PET/CT of, 220, 221f-252f
cervical esophagus, 242f
hypopharynx, 237f-239f
larynx, 240f-241f
mandible, 244f
oral cavity, 232f-235f
salivary gland malignancies, 230f
sino-nasal malignancies, 227f-229f
tonsils, 231f
sentinel node localization in, 253–256, 254f
difficulty accessing sites of upper aerodigestive tract in, 255
distance between primary site and node, 255
limitations of, with standard gamma camera imaging, 254–255
lymphatic drainage patterns in, 254, 254f
occult cervical metastases, 254
techniques in, 255
technological advances in, 255–256
variation of lymphatic system characteristics in, 255
Heart function, in doxorubicin recipients, monitoring of, 197–201, 198f, 200f
Hematopoietic tissues, tumors of, WHO classification of, 161, 162t
HER-2/Neu antigen target, in breast cancer therapy, 144–145, 145f
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
clinical staging of, 163, 163t
SSR scinitigraphy in, 178–179
Human anti-monoclonal antibodies (HAMAs), in breast cancer detection and therapy, 149
Hyperparathyroidism, 267
Hypopharynx, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 237f-239f
90Y-Ibritumomab (Zevalin), for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 203–205, 205f, 205t, 206f
Image truncation, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 41, 41f, 42f
αvβ3 Integrin, 76–77, 77f
International Prognostic Index, outcomes defined by, 163, 164t
Intraoperative gamma imaging, in detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, 125–126
Intraoperative gamma probe, in lymphatic mapping, 132
Intraparotid lymph node, 248f
L6 antigen target, in breast cancer therapy, 148
Larynx
normal, anatomy of, 236f
normal uptake in, 224f
squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 240f-241f
Left ventricular systolic function, in doxorubicin recipients, serial measurements of, 198–199
153Sm-Lexidronam, for painful bone metastases, 156
Lingual tonsil, normal uptake in, 222f
Lingual tonsillar carcinoma, right, level IIA node in, 246f
LMSNB, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, 132
Longus coli muscle, normal uptake in, 221f
Lung(s), radiation fibrosis of, uptake in, 226f
Lung cancer, bone metastases in, PET for, 140–141
Lymph node(s)
axillary. See Axillary lymph nodes
intraparotid, 248f
level III, 249f
level IV, 250f
level VA, 251f
level VB, 252f
sentinel, in breast cancer patients, detection of, 116–128, 119f, 122f, 124f
Lymph node basins, multiple, sentinel nodes in, 254
Lymphatic drainage patterns, in sentinel node localization, 254, 254f
Lymphatic mapping
external scintigraphy in, 132
intraoperative gamma probe in, 132
learning curve with, 132
pharmaceuticals in, 131–132
sentinel nodes and, 129–134, 130t. See also Sentinel lymph node(s)
Lymphoid cells
cortistatin in, significance of, 177–178
somatostatin in, significance of, 177–178
somatostatin receptor expression in, significance of, 177–178
Lymphoid tissues, tumors of, WHO classification of, 161, 162t
Lymphoma(s)
in children, evaluation of, SSR scintigraphy in, 181
classification of, 160–164, 161f-164f, 162t-164t
clinical management of patient with, PET’s impact on, 173
described, 165–166, 166f
Hodgkin’s
clinical staging of, 163, 163t
SSR scintigraphy in, 178–179
initial staging of
CT in, 165–175, 166f-170f, 173f
octreotide in, 176–185, 179f, 180f, 182f
PET in, 165–175, 166f-170f, 173f
receptor imaging agents in, 176–185, 179f, 180f, 182f
MALT, SSR scintigraphy in, 179f, 179–180, 180f
non-Hodgkin’s. See Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
staging of, 160–164, 161f-164f, 162t-164t
treatment of
evaluation of, 186–196, 187t, 188t, 189f, 190f, 191t-193t
after chemotherapy, 192–194, 192t, 193t
after radiotherapy, 192–194, 192t, 193t
chemosensitivity assessment before high-dose chemotherapy, 191–192, 191t
early response, 186–191, 187t, 188t, 190f
RIT in, response assessment after, 194
Lymphoproliferative diseases
somatostatin receptor expression in, significance of, 178
SSR scintigraphy in, 178–180, 179f, 180f
mAbs. See Radiolabeled antibodies (mAbs)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in myocardial viability assessment, 12–13
MALT lymphoma, SSR scintigraphy in, 179f, 179–180, 180f
Mammography
dense breast tissue on, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 108–109
equivocal, breast mass on, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in patients with, 109
Mandible, level IA node in, 244f
Mouth, floor of
normal uptake in, 223f
squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 235f
MPI. See Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MUC-1 antigen target, in breast cancer therapy, 146–148, 146f, 147f
Muscle(s). See specific muscle
Myelohyoid muscle, normal uptake in, 222f
Myelosuppression, in mAbs for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 208
Myocardial blood flow
clinical applications of, 25–26, 25f, 25t
quantification of, cardiac PET in, 25
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), 52–61, 54f-58f
for CAD diagnosis in women, 53–55, 54f
suspected disease–related, 52–53
for CHF, 57–59, 58f
for diabetes mellitus, 54, 55–57, 55f-57f
in clinical management, 55
diagnosis-related, 55–56, 55f
in risk assessment, 56, 56f
stress, for diabetes mellitus, in clinical management, 57, 57f
Myocardial PET perfusion imaging, cost-effectiveness of, 27–28, 27f
Myocardial PET perfusion tracers
imaging protocols and, 18t-20t, 19–23, 19f-21f
13N ammonia, 18t, 19, 19f, 19t
15O water, 18t, 19
82Rb, 18t-20t, 19–22, 19f-21f
Myocardial viability
assessment of, 2–16, 4f, 6f, 7f, 9t, 10f, 11t, 12f
dobutamine stress echocardiography in, 11–12
perfusion imaging in, 4–8, 6f, 7f. See also Perfusion imaging, in myocardial viability assessment
PET in, 8–11, 9t, 10f, 11t. See also Positron emission tomography (PET), in myocardial viability assessment
death rates associated with, 4, 4f
identification of, clinical importance of, 3–4, 4f
Myocardium, viable, in CHF, 58
Myocyte damage, in vivo detection of, in doxorubicin recipients, 199–200, 200f
13N ammonia, 18t, 19, 19f, 19t
Nasolacrimal duct, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 229f
Nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, PET/CT in, 228f
Neck. See also under Head and neck
nodal levels in, 243f-252f
normal structures of, appearance of, 221f-226f
tumors of, PET/CT of, 220, 221f-252f
Neck cancer. See also Head and neck cancer; Head and neck tumors
squamous
FDG-PET in, 214–219, 215t-217t
PET/CT in, 214–219, 215t-217t
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
clinical staging of, 163, 163t
5-year survival after, 161, 161f
historical background of, 203, 204f, 204t
SSR scintigraphy in, 179
treatment of
90Y-Ibritumomab (Zevalin) in, 203–205, 205f, 205t, 206f
mAbs in, 202–211, 204f-207f, 204t, 205t, 209f. See also Radiolabeled antibodies (mAbs), for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
131I-toxitumomab (Bexxar) in, 205–206, 205t, 207f
Nonperfusion markers, in pharmacologic stress, 66, 66f
Nuclear cardiology, in clinical decision making, 62–72, 63f-66f, 68f, 69f
abnormal perfusion scans, 65
adverse events related to, 63–64, 63f
event risk with abnormal scans, 64–65, 64f, 65f
expressing extent and severity of perfusion results, 64–65, 64f, 65f
future directions in, 70
gated SPECT in, 63
increased lung uptake of perfusion tracers, 66
incremental prognostic value, 62–63
nonperfusion markers in pharmacologic stress, 66, 66f
nonperfusion MPS markers of risk, 65–66
percent myocardium with abnormal perfusion, 64
post-MPS patient management, 67–68, 68f, 69f
potential risk vs. identification of potential benefit, 68–70, 69f
risk stratification, 63
risk-based approach to patient care, 62
summed scores, 64
Nuclear studies, echocardiographic studies vs., in myocardial viability assessment, 12, 12f
15O water, 18t, 19
in myocardial viability assessment, 9
Obesity, attenuation correction SPECT effects on, 47–48, 47t
Occult cervical metastases, localization of, 254
Octreotide, in initial staging of lymphoma, 176–185, 179f, 180f, 182f
Oral cavity, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 232f-235f
32P-Orthophosphate, for painful bone metastases, 154–155
Oxygen-15 (15O) water, 18t, 19
Palatine tonsil, normal uptake in, 222f
Parathyroid glands
anatomy of, 266–267
described, 266
embryology of, 266–267
histology of, 266–267
hyperparathyroidism of, 267
radionuclide imaging of, 266–276, 268f-274f
localization in, 267–275, 268f-274f
117mSn-Pentetate, for painful bone metastases, 156
Perfusion imaging, in myocardial viability assessment, 4–8, 6f, 7f
rest-delayed thallium imaging, 5–6, 6f
Tc-99m sestamibi, 6–8, 7f
Tc-99m tetrofosmin, 8
thallium-201 imaging, 4–5
PET. See Positron emission tomography (PET)
Pharmaceutical(s), mapping, 131–132
Pharmacologic stress
nonperfusion markers in, 66, 66f
ST segment change in, 66
Piriform sinus, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 238f
Positron emission tomography (PET)
bone metastases and, 135–142, 137f-140f
in breast cancer, 84–99, 85f, 87f-94f, 87t. See also Breast cancer, PET in
for bone metastases, 136–139, 139f, 140f
cardiac, 17–36, 18t-20t, 19f-25f, 22t, 23t, 25t, 27f-29f, 30t
base to apex flow gradient quantification in, 24, 24f
changes in status of, 18
in children, 23–24
cost-effectiveness of, 27–28, 27f
in detection of diffuse disease, 24
in detection of early disease, 24, 26–27, 27f
future prospects for, 30–31
image uniformity in, 22–23, 23f, 23t, 22t
indications for, 17–18
myocardial blood flow and, clinical applications of, 25–26, 25f, 25t
myocardial PET perfusion tracers, 18t-20t, 19f-21f, 19–23. See also specific tracer and Myocardial PET perfusion tracers
power of, 18–19, 18t
prognostic value of, 24
quantification of myocardial blood flow by, 25
technical problems associated with, 29
value for clinical imaging, 22–27, 23f-25f, 23t, 22t, 25t, 27f
viability of, 28–29, 28f, 29f
classification of myocardial regions by, 8–9, 9t
described, 136, 137f, 138f
impact on clinical management of lymphoma patients, 173
in initial staging of lymphoma, 165–175, 166f-170f, 173f
future perspectives on, 173–174, 173f
rationale for, 166–170, 167f-170f
vs. conventional staging techniques, 170–172
instrumentation in, 85, 85f
in lung cancer patients, for bone metastases, 140–141
metabolic assessments with, 9
in myocardial viability assessment, 8–11, 9t, 10f, 11t
alternative tracers in, 11
FDG in, 9–11, 10f, 11t
metabolic-related, 9
MRI in, 12–13
nuclear vs. echocardiographic studies in, 12, 12f
perfusion tracers in, 9
perspective on, 13
82Rb in, 9
principles of, 85, 85f
in prostate cancer patients, 139–140, 140f
Positron emission tomography (PET)–CT
bone metastases and, 141
of head and neck tumors, 220, 221f-252f
impact of, 29–30, 30t
in squamous head and neck cancers, 214–219, 215t-217t
Postinfarction remodeling, cardiovascular molecular imaging of, 79–80
Prostate cancer, bone metastases in, PET for, 139–140, 140f
Quality control, for SPECT attenuation correction, 40–44, 41f, 42f. See also Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging, attenuation correction, quality control for
Radiation
for painful bone metastases, 154
sentinel lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, safety of, 123
Radiocolloid, particle size of, in breast cancer detection, 120
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT)
anti-CD20 mAbs and, 203–206, 205f-207f, 205t
historical background of, 203, 204f, 204t
in lymphoma treatment, response assessment after, 194
Radioiodine ablation (RAI), for DTC
indications for, 257–258
inpatient vs. outpatient, 263–264
Radioiodine scanning, thyroglobulin and, for long-term monitoring of DTC, 259–261
Radioiodine WBS, in long-term monitoring of DTC, 260–261
Radiolabeled antibodies (mAbs)
anti-CD20, RIT with, 203–206, 205f-207f, 205t
for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 202–211, 204f-207f, 204t, 205t, 209f
allergic reactions to, 208
concepts in, 208–210, 209f
described, 202–203
differences made by, 208–210, 209f
human antimouse mAbs, 208
myelosuppression due to, 208
with other mAbs, 206–207, 207f
toxicity of, 208
Radionuclide imaging, of parathyroid glands, 266–276, 268f-274f. See also Parathyroid glands, radionuclide imaging of
Radiopharmaceutical(s), for painful bone metastases, 152–158, 154t, 154–156
186Re-etidronate, 156
153Sm-lexidronam, 156
32P-orthophosphate, 154–155
117mSn-pentetate, 156
89Sr-strontium chloride, 155–156
Radiotherapy
external beam, for painful bone metastases, 152–153
in lymphoma treatment, evaluation after, 192–194, 192t, 193t
in squamous head and neck cancers, 215–216, 216t
Radiotracer(s)
blue dye vs., in breast cancer detection, 118
in breast cancer detection, 118–120, 119f
injection of, 119–120, 119f
methodologies, 118–120, 119f
particle size of radiocolloid in, 120
RAI. See Radioiodine ablation (RAI)
82Rb. See Rubidium-82 (82Rb)
Recombinant thyrotropin, vs. thyroid hormone withdrawal, for DTC, 258, 259f
Reference (“blank”) scans, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 41–42
Rest-delayed thallium imaging, in myocardial viability assessment, 5–6, 6f
Retromolar trigone, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 234f
Risk-based approach to patient care, nuclear cardiology in, 62
RIT. See Radioimmunotherapy (RIT)
Rubidium-82 (82Rb), 18t-20t, 19–22, 19f-21f
in myocardial viability assessment, 9
Salivary gland malignancies, PET/CT in, 230f
Scalene muscle, anterior, normal uptake in, 221f
Scatter compensation, in attenuation correction SPECT, 43
Scintigraphy
external, in lymphatic mapping, 132
SSR. See Somatostatin receptor (SSR) scintigraphy
Scintimammography, 99mTc-sestamibi, 100–115, 104t, 105f-107f, 107t, 108t, 109f, 111f. See also 99mTc-Sestamibi scintimammography
Sensitivity
in attenuation correction SPECT, 45–46
of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography, 104t, 105
Sentinel lymph node(s)
in breast cancer patients, detection of, 116–128, 119f, 122f, 124f. See also Breast cancer, sentinel lymph nodes in patients with, detection of
defined, 129–130
in head and neck tumors, localization of, 253–256, 254f. See also Head and neck tumors, sentinel node localization in
history of, 117–118
identification of, challenges in, 253–255, 254f
internal mammary, in breast cancer detection, controversies related to, 120–121, 121f
localization of, 130
lymphatic mapping and, 129–134, 130t
multiple, in multiple lymph node basins, 254
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
mapping pharmaceuticals in, 130–131
site of injection, 130–131
in specific situations, 132
surgical consequences of, 129–130, 130t
timing of injection, 130–131
validation of, 130, 130t
Sentinel lymph node reliability, after neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced breast cancer, 123
Serum Tg, in long-term monitoring of DTC, 259–260
99mTc-Sestamibi scintimammography, 100–115, 104t, 105f-107f, 107t, 108t, 109f, 111f
in axillary node detection, 106–107, 108t
in breast tumor evaluation after chemotherapy, 110
clinical applications of, 107–111, 109f, 111f
in clinical practice, 111
clinical results of, 103–107, 104t, 105f-107f, 107t
cost-effectiveness of, 111–112
future applications of, 111–112
in metastatic axillary lymph node evaluation, 111, 111f
in multifocal breast disease assessment, 110
in patients at high risk for breast cancer, 110
in patients with breast implants, 109, 109f
in patients with dense breast tissue on mammography, 108–109
in patients with “iatrogenic” architectural distortion of breast, 109
in patients with palpable mass and normal or equivocal mammography, 109
sensitivity of, 104t, 105
specificity of, 105–106, 105f-107f, 107t
technical aspects of, 102–103
99mTc-Sestamibi tumoral uptake, mechanisms of, 101–102
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), gated, in nuclear cardiology, 63
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging
attenuation correction, 37–51, 39f-42f, 45f-47f, 47t
attenuation-corrected scan, 44–45
clinical issues in, 44–49, 45f-47f, 47t
CT-based systems in, 39–40, 41f
diagnostic accuracy effects of, 45–46, 45f-47f
direct approaches to, 39
dosimetry of transmission scans for, 43–44
ECG gating in, 38, 46–47
equipment for, 39
external radionuclide source systems in, 39, 40f
gender-independent quantitative programs in, 48
impact on presence of extracardiac activity in, 43
iterative reconstruction in, 44
in obese persons, 47–48, 47t
patient-outcome studies in, 48–49
physics of, 38–39, 39f
planar imaging in, 37–38
quality control for, 40–44, 41f, 42f
“blank” scans in, 41–42
downscatter artifacts in, 42, 42f
image truncation in, 41, 41f, 42f
misregistration of emission and transmission scans in, 42–43
reference scans in, 41–42
transmission count density requirements in, 40–41
truncation correction in, 41, 41f, 42f
quantitation, 38
scatter compensation in, 43
sensitivity in, 45–46
specificity in, 45, 45f
stress-only imaging, 48
supine plus prone imaging in, 38
technical issues in, 38–40, 39f-41f
Sino-nasal malignancies, PET/CT in, 227f-229f
Sinus(es)
ethmoid, squamous cell carcinoma of, poorly differentiated, PET/CT in, 227f
piriform, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 238f
Soft-tissue attenuation, indirect approaches to, 37–38
Somatostatin, in lymphoid cells, significance of, 177–178
Somatostatin receptor expression
in lymphoid cells, significance of, 177–178
in lymphoproliferative diseases, significance of, 178
Somatostatin receptor (SSR) scintigraphy, 176–177
in bone marrow infiltration evaluation, 180
in children’s lymphoma evaluation, 181
in CNS evaluation, 180
in Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 178–179
in lymphoproliferative diseases, 178–180, 179f, 180f
in MALT lymphoma, 179f, 179–180, 180f
new directions for, 181–183, 182f
in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 179
in thymic tumors, 181
Specificity
in attenuation correction SPECT, 45, 45f
of 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography, 105–106, 105f-107f, 107t
SPECT. See Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Squamous cell carcinoma
of AE fold, PET/CT in, 239f
of epiglottis, PET/CT in, 237f
of ethmoid sinuses, poorly differentiated, PET/CT in, 227f
of false vocal cord, PET/CT in, 241f
of hypopharynx, PET/CT in, 237f-239f
of left floor of mouth, PET/CT in, 235f
of nasolacrimal duct, PET/CT in, 229f
nasopharyngeal, PET/CT in, 228f
of oral cavity, PET/CT in, 232f-235f
of piriform sinus, PET/CT in, 238f
of retromolar trigone, PET/CT in, 234f
of tongue, PET/CT in, 232f, 233f
of tonsils, PET/CT in, 231f
SSR scintigraphy. See Somatostatin receptor (SSR) scintigraphy
ST segment change, in pharmacologic stress, 66
Sternocleidomastoid muscle, normal uptake in, 221f
Stress
pharmacologic. See Pharmacologic stress
vasodilator, clinical and hemodynamic responses to, 66, 66f
Stress-only imaging, 48
89Sr-Strontium chloride, for painful bone metastases, 155–156
Submandibular region, lateral, level IB node in, 245f
TAG-72 antigen target, in breast cancer therapy, 148–149
Tc-99m sestamibi. See Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi
Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi, in myocardial viability assessment, 6–8, 7f
Technitium 99m (Tc-99m) tetrofosmin, in myocardial viability assessment, 8
Telepathy, for painful bone metastases, 152–158, 154t, 156–157
Thallium imaging, rest-delayed, in myocardial viability assessment, 5–6, 6f
Thallium-201 imaging, in myocardial viability assessment, 4–5
Thymic tumors, SSR scintigraphy in, 181
Thyroglobulin, radioiodine scanning and, for long-term monitoring of DTC, 259–261
Thyroid cancer, differentiated, management of, changing concepts in, 257–265, 259f, 262f. See also Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), management of, changing concepts in
Thyroid hormone withdrawal, vs. recombinant thyrotropin, for DTC, 258, 259f
Thyroid stunning, in DTC management, 261–262, 262f
Thyrotropin, recombinant, vs. thyroid hormone withdrawal, for DTC, 258, 259f
TID. See Transient ischemic dilation (TID)
Tissue(s)
hematopoietic, tumors of, WHO classification of, 161, 162t
lymphoid, tumors of, WHO classification of, 161, 162t
Tongue, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 232f, 233f
Tonsil(s)
normal uptake in, 222f
squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 231f
Tonsillar carcinoma, lingual, right, level IIA node in, 246f
131I-Tositumomab (Bexxar), for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 205–206, 205t, 207f
Tracer kinetics, for myocardial viability, studies of, 28–29, 29f
Tracheostomy site, normal uptake in, 225f
Transient ischemic dilation (TID), of left ventricle, 65–66
Transmission count density requirements, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 40–41
Transmission scans
dosimetry of, for attenuation correction SPECT, 43–44
misregistration of, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 42–43
Truncation compensation, in quality control for attenuation correction SPECT, 41, 41f, 42f
Tumor(s)
breast, chemotherapy for, evaluation after, 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography in, 110
head and neck, PET/CT of, 220, 221f-252f
thymic, SSR scintigraphy in, 181
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cardiovascular molecular imaging in, 75–76, 76f
Vascular injuries, cardiovascular molecular imaging in, 77–80, 78f, 79f
Vasodilator stress, clinical and hemodynamic responses to, 66, 66f
VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Ventricle(s), left, TID of, 65–66
Viability, myocardial, assessment of, 2–16, 4f, 6f, 7f, 9t, 10f, 11t, 12f. See also Myocardial viability, assessment of
Vocal cord, false, squamous cell carcinoma of, PET/CT in, 241f
Zevalin, for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 203–205, 205f, 205t, 206f
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures; page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.
PII: S0001-2998(05)00038-3
doi:10.1053/S0001-2998(05)00038-3
© 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
