Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 16-35 , January 2006

Pediatric Applications of Renal Nuclear Medicine

  • Amy Piepsz, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire St Pierre, Department Radioisotopes, Brussels, Belgium.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Amy Piepsz, MD, PhD, CHU St Pierre, Department of Radioisotopes, 322, Rue Haute, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
    • ,
  • Hamphrey R. Ham, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.

References 

  1. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease (evaluation, classification, and stratification) . Am J Kidney Dis . 2002;39:S1–S266
  2. Schwartz GJ , Brion LP , Spitzer A . The use of plasma creatinine concentration for estimating glomerular filtration rate in infants, children, and adolescents . Pediatr Clin North Am . 1987;34:571–590
  3. Waz WR , Quattrin T , Feld LG . Serum creatinine, height, and weight do not predict glomerular filtration rate in children with IDDM . Diabetes Care . 1993;16:1067–1070
  4. Papadakis MA , Arieff AI . Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Prospective study . Am J Med . 1987;82:945–952
  5. McDiarmid SV , Ettenger RB , Hawkins RA , et al.   The impairment of true glomerular filtration rate in long-term cyclosporine-treated pediatric allograft recipients . Transplantation . 1990;49:81–85
  6. Berg UB , Ericzon BG , Nemeth A . Renal function before and long after liver transplantation in children . Transplantation . 2001;72:631–637
  7. Rule AD , Gussak HM , Pond GR , et al.   Measured and estimated GFR in healthy potential kidney donors . Am J Kidney Dis . 2004;43:112–119
  8. Seikaly MG , Browne R , Simonds N , et al.   Glomerular filtration rate in children following renal transplantation . Pediatr Transplant . 1998;2:231–235
  9. Blaufox MD , Aurell M , Bubeck B , et al.   Report of the Radionuclides in Nephrourology Committee on renal clearance . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:1883–1890
  10. Piepsz A , Colarinha P , Gordon I , et al.   Guidelines for glomerular filtration rate determination in children . Eur J Nucl Med . 2001;28:BP31–BP36
  11. Carlsen JE , Moller ML , Lund JO , et al.   Comparison of four commercial Tc-99m(Sn)DTPA preparations used for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate (concise communication) . J Nucl Med . 1980;21:126–129
  12. Rehling M , Nielsen SL , Marqversen J . Protein binding of 99mTc-DTPA, 51Cr-EDTA and 125I-iothalamate . Nucl Med Commun . 1997;18:324; (abstract)
  13. Rehling M . Stability, protein binding and clearance studies of [99mTc]DTPA. Evaluation of a commercially available dry-kit . Scand J Clin Lab Invest . 1988;48:603–609
  14. Sapirstein LA , Vidt DC , Mandel MJ , et al.   Volumes of distribution and clearances of intravenously injected creatinine in the dog . Am J Physiol . 1955;181:330–336
  15. Picciotto G , Cacace G , Cesana P , et al.   Estimation of chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid plasma clearance (A comparative assessment of simplified techniques) . Eur J Nucl Med . 1992;19:30–35
  16. Bröchner-Mortensen J , Haahr J , Christoffersen J . A simple method for accurate assessment of the glomerular filtration rate in children . Scand J Clin Lab Invest . 1974;33:139–143
  17. Chantler C , Barratt TM . Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from plasma clearance of 51Cr-edetic acid . Arch Dis Child . 1972;47:613–617
  18. Fleming JS , Zivanovic MA , Blake GM , et al.   Guidelines for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate using plasma sampling . Nucl Med Commun . 2004;25:759–769
  19. De Sadeleer C , Piepsz A , Ham HR . How good is the slope on the second exponential for estimating 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance? A Monte Carlo simulation . Nucl Med Commun . 2000;21:455–458
  20. Waller DG , Keast CM , Fleming JS , et al.   Measurement of glomerular filtration rate with Tc-99m DTPA—a comparison of plasma clearance techniques . J Nucl Med . 1987;28:372–377
  21. Groth S . Calculation of Cr-51 EDTA clearance in children from the activity in one plasma sample by transformation of the bi-exponential plasma time-activity curve into a monoexponential with identical integral area below the time activity curve . Clin Physiol . 1984;4:61–74
  22. Ham HR , Piepsz A . Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in infants and in children using a single-plasma sample method . J Nucl Med . 1991;32:1294–1297
  23. Ham HR , De Sadeleer C , Hall  , et al.   Which single blood sample method should be used to estimate 51Cr-EDTA clearance in adolescents? . Nucl Med Commun . 2004;25:155–157
  24. De Sadeleer C , Piepsz A , Ham HR . Post-test quality control for single blood sample technique in glomerular filtration rate measurement . Eur J Nucl Med . 2004;31:S412; (abstract)
  25. Piepsz A , Pintelon H , Ham HR . Estimation of normal chromium-51 ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid clearance in children . Eur J Nucl Med . 1994;21:12–16
  26. Arnello F , Ham HR , Tondeur M , et al.   Evolution of single kidney glomerular filtration rate in urinary tract infection . Pediatr Nephrol . 1999;13:121–124
  27. Arnello F , Ham HR , Tondeur M , et al.   Overall and single-kidney clearance in children with urinary tract infection and damaged kidneys . J Nucl Med . 1999;40:52–55
  28. Blake GM , Roe D , Lazarus CR . Long term precision of glomerular filtration rate measurements using Cr EDTA plasma clearance . Nucl Med Commun . 1997;8:776–784
  29. Bröchner-Mortensen J , Rödbrö P . Selection of routine method for determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult patients . Scand J Lab Invest . 1976;36:35–43
  30. Donath A . The simultaneous determination in children of glomerular filtration rate and effective plasma flow by the single injection clearance technique . Acta Paediatr Scand . 1971;60:512–520
  31. Piepsz A , Ham HR . How good is the slope of the second exponential for estimating 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance? . Nucl Med Commun . 1997;18:139–141
  32. Piepsz A , Tondeur M , Ham HR . Reproducibility of simplified techniques for the measurement of 51Cr-EDTA clearance . Nucl Med Commun . 1996;17:1065–1067
  33. De Sadeleer C , Piepsz A , Ham HR . Influence of errors in sampling time and in activity measurement on the single sample clearance determination . Nucl Med Commun . 2001;22:429–432
  34. Piepsz A , Blaufox MD , Gordon I , et al.   Consensus on renal cortical scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infection . Semin Nucl Med . 1999;29:160–174
  35. Piepsz A , Colarinha P , Gordon I , et al.   Guidelines for Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in children . Eur J Nucl Med . 2001;28:BP37–BP41
  36. Mandell GA , Eggli DF , Gilday DL , et al.   Procedure guideline for renal cortical scintigraphy in children . J Nucl Med . 1987;38:1644–1646
  37. Mannes F , Bultynck E , Van Roijen N , et al.   Utility of posterior oblique views in (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scintigraphy in children . J Nucl Med Technol . 2003;31:72–73
  38. De Sadeleer C , Bossuyt A , Goes E . Renal technetium-99m-DMSA SPECT in normal volunteers . J Nucl Med . 1996;37:1346–1349
  39. Rossleigh MA . The interrenicular septum. A normal anatomical variant seen on DMSA SPECT . Clin Nucl Med . 1994;19: 953–935
  40. Everaert H , Flamen P , Franken PR , et al.   99Tcm-DMSA renal scintigraphy for acute pyelonephritis in adults (planar and/or SPET imaging?) . Nucl Med Commun . 1996;17:884–889
  41. Hitzel A , Liard A , Vera P , et al.   Color and power Doppler sonography versus DMSA scintigraphy in acute pyelonephritis and in prediction of renal scarring . J Nucl Med . 2002;43:27–32
  42. Stokland E , Hellstrom M , Jakobsson B , et al.   Imaging of renal scarring . Acta Paediatr Suppl . 1999;88:13–21
  43. Craig JC , Wheeler DM , Irwig L , et al.   How accurate is dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis? A meta-analysis of experimental studies . J Nucl Med . 2000;4:986–993
  44. De Sadeleer C , Tondeur M , Melis K , et al.   A multicentric trial on interobserver reproducibility in reporting on 99mTc-DMSA planar scintigraphy (a Belgian survey) . J Nucl Med . 2000;41:23–26
  45. Ladron De Guevara D , Franken P , et al.   Interobserver reproducibility in reporting on 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy for detection of late renal sequelae . J Nucl Med . 2001;42:564–566
  46. Tondeur M , Melis K , De Sadeleer C , et al.   Inter-observer reproducibility of relative 99Tcm-DMSA uptake . Nucl Med Commun . 2000;21:449–453
  47. Van de Wiele C , van den Eeckhaut A , Verweire W , et al.   Absolute 24 h quantification of 99Tcm-DMSA uptake in patients with severely reduced kidney function (A comparison with 51Cr-EDTA clearance) . Nucl Med Commun . 1999;20:829–832
  48. Groshar D , Embon OM , Frenkel A , et al.   Renal function and technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid uptake in single kidneys (The value of in vivo SPECT quantitation) . J Nucl Med . 1991;32:766–768
  49. Gordon I , Evans K , Peters AM , et al.   The quantitation of Tc 99m-DMSA in paediatrics . Nucl Med Commun . 1987;8:661–670
  50. Fidler K , Hyer W . A strategy for UTI in children . Practitioner . 1998;242:538–541
  51. Hoberman A , Charron M , Hickey RW , et al.   Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children . N Engl J Med . 2003;16:195–202
  52. Hellerstein S . Urinary tract infections. Old and new concepts . Pediatr Clin North Am . 1995;42:1433–1457
  53. Levtchenko EN , Lahy C , Levy J , et al.   Role of Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in the diagnosis of culture negative pyelonephritis . Pediatr Nephrol . 2001;16:503–506
  54. Jodal U , Lindberg U , Lincoln K . Level diagnosis of symptomatic urinary tract infections in childhood . Acta Paediatr Scand . 1975;64:201–208
  55. Majd M , Rushton HG , Jantausch B , et al.   Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, and acute pyelonephritis in children with febrile urinary tract infection . J Pediatr . 1991;119:578–585
  56. Rosenberg AR , Rossleigh MA , Brydon MP , et al.   Evaluation of acute urinary tract infection in children by dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy (A prospective study) . J Urol . 1992;148:1746–1749
  57. Melis K , Vandevivere J , Hoskens C , et al.   Involvement of the renal parenchyma in acute urinary tract infection (The contribution of 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scan) . Eur J Pediatr . 1992;151:536–539
  58. Jakobsson B , Soderlundh S , Berg U . Diagnostic significance of 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy in urinary tract infection . Arch Dis Child . 1992;67:1338–1342
  59. Benador D , Benador N , Slosman DO , et al.   Cortical scintigraphy in the evaluation of renal parenchymal changes in children with pyelonephritis . J Pediatr . 1994;124:17–20
  60. Levtchenko E , Lahy C , Levy J , et al.   Treatment of children with acute pyelonephritis (A prospective randomized study) . Pediatr Nephrol . 2001;16:878–884
  61. Hoberman A , Wald ER , Hickey RW , et al.   Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children . Pediatrics . 1999;104:79–86
  62. Benador D , Neuhaus TJ , Papazyan JP , et al.   Randomised controlled trial of three day versus 10 day intravenous antibiotics in acute pyelonephritis (effect on renal scarring) . Arch Dis Child . 2001;84:241–246
  63. Cornu C , Cochat P , Collet JP , et al.   Survey of the attitudes to management of acute pyelonephritis in children . Pediatr Nephrol . 1994;8:275–277
  64. Levtchenko EN , Ham HR , Levy J , et al.   Attitude of Belgian pediatricians toward strategy in acute pyelonephritis . Pediatr Nephrol . 2001;16:113–115
  65. Bensman A . Conférence de consensus . Arch Fr Pediatr . 1991;48:229–232
  66. Hansson S , Jodal U . Urinary tract infection . In:  Barratt TM ,  Avner ED ,  Harmon WE editor. Pediatric Nephrology . (ed 4). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1999;
  67. Biggi A , Dardanelli L , Pomero G , et al.   Acute renal cortical scintigraphy in children with a first urinary tract infection . Pediatr Nephrol . 2001;16:733–738
  68. Gordon I , Barkovics M , Pindoria S , et al.   Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection (A systematic review and meta-analysis) . J Am Soc Nephrol . 2003;14:739–744
  69. Piepsz A , Tamminen-Mobius T , Reiners C , et al.  International Reflux Study Group in Europe   Five-year study of medical or surgical treatment in children with severe vesico-ureteral reflux dimercaptosuccinic acid findings . Eur J Pediatr . 1998;157:753–758
  70. Hansson S , Dhamey M , Sigstrom O , et al.   Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection . J Urol . 2004;172:1071–1073
  71. Smellie JM , Katz G , Gruneberg RN . Controlled trial of prophylactic treatment in childhood urinary-tract infection . Lancet . 1978;22:175–178
  72. Williams GJ , Lee A , Craig JC . Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2001;4:CD001534
  73. Bollgren I . Antibacterial prophylaxis in children with urinary tract infection . Acta Paediatr Suppl . 1999;88:48–52
  74. Smellie JM , Prescod NP , Shaw PJ , et al.   Childhood reflux and urinary infection (a follow-up of 10-41 years in 226 adults) . Pediatr Nephrol . 1998;12:727–736
  75. Martinell J , Hansson S , Claesson I , et al.   Detection of urographic scars in girls with pyelonephritis followed for 13-38 years . Pediatr Nephrol . 2000;14:1006–1010
  76. Wennerstrom M , Hansson S , Jodal U , et al.   Renal function 16 to 26 years after the first urinary tract infection in childhood . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2000;154:339–345
  77. Vernon SJ , Coulthard MG , Lambert HJ , et al.   New renal scarring in children who at age 3 and 4 years had had normal scans with dimercaptosuccinic acid (follow up study) . BMJ . 1997;315:905–908
  78. Benador D , Benador N , Slosman D , et al.   Are younger children at highest risk of renal sequelae after pyelonephritis? . Lancet . 1997;349:17–19
  79. Vanderfaeillie A , Flamen P , Wilikens A , et al.   Technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy in children over 5 years . Pediatr Nephrol . 1998;12:295–297
  80. Piepsz A . New renal scarring and age . Nucl Med Commun . 2001;22:1273–1275
  81. Jacobson SH , Hansson S , Jakobsson B . Vesico-ureteric reflux (occurrence and long-term risks) . Acta Paediatr Suppl . 1999;88:22–30
  82. Wennerstrom M , Hansson S , Hedner T , et al.   Ambulatory blood pressure 16-26 years after the first urinary tract infection in childhood . J Hypertens . 2000;18:485–491
  83. Ardissino G , Avolio L , Dacco V , et al.   ItalKid Project. Long-term outcome of vesicoureteral reflux associated chronic renal failure in children. Data from the ItalKid Project . J Urol . 2004;172:305–310
  84. Conway JJ , Maizels M . The “well tempered” diuretic renogram (a standard method to examine the asymptomatic neonate with hydronephrosis or hydroureteronephrosis. A report from combined meetings of The Society for Fetal Urology and members of The Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Council—The Society of Nuclear Medicine) . J Nucl Med . 1992;33:2047–2051
  85. Prigent A , Cosgriff P , Gates GF , et al.   Consensus report on quality control of quantitative measurements of renal function obtained from the renogram (International Consensus Committee from the Scientific Committee of Radionuclides in Nephrourology) . Semin Nucl Med . 1999;29:146–159
  86. Gordon I , Colarinha P , Fettich J , et al.   Guidelines for standard and diuretic renography in children . Eur J Nucl Med . 2001;28:BP21
  87. Colin F , Mercenier P , Lenaers A , et al.   Experimental study of the renogram . Arch Kreislaufforsch . 1965;46:289–306
  88. Eshima D , Taylor A . Technetium-99m (99mTc) mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Update on the new 99mTc renal tubular function agent) . Semin Nucl Med . 1992;22:61–73
  89. Assailly J , Pavel DG , Bader C , et al.   Non invasive experimental determination of individual kidney filtration fraction by means of a dual tracer technique . J Nucl Med . 1977;18:684–691
  90. Kelleher JP , Wakefield AJ , Gordon I , et al.   Renal injury in complete ureteric obstruction. A functional and morphological study . Urol Res . 1991;19:245–248
  91. Taylor A , Lallone RJ . Differential renal function in unilateral renal injury (Possible effects of radiopharmaceutical choice) . Nucl Med . 1985;26:77–80
  92. Rehling M , Lund JO , Moller ML , et al.   Acute unilateral obstruction of ureter. Disparity in divided renal function calculated from 131I-hippuran and 99mTc-DTPA renography . Urology . 1988;31:51–54
  93. Sedlak-Vadoc V , Basic M , Kaludjerski S , et al.   The effects of radiopharmaceutical choice on the assessment of the relative renal function in upper urinary tract obstruction . Eur J Nucl Med . 1988;14:32–36
  94. Granerus G , Moonen M , Ekberg S . A comparison between Tc-99m MAG3 and Tc-99m DTPA with special reference to the measurement of relative and absolute renal function . In:  Schmidt HAE ,  van der Schoot JB editor. Nuclear Medicine (The State of the Art of Nuclear Medicine in Europe) . Stuttgart: Schattauer; 1991;p. 284–286
  95. Bueschen AJ , Lloyd LK , Dubovsky EV , et al.   Radionuclide kidney function evaluation in the management of urolithiasis . J Urol . 1978;120:16–20
  96. Rosen PR , Kuruk A , Treves ST . The determination of renal function in a pediatric population using Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m DMSA . J Nucl Med . 1985;26:P10
  97. Ash JM . Radionuclide scanning in pediatric nephrology/urology . In:  Joekes AM ,  Brown NJG ,  Tauxe WN editor. Radionuclides in Nephrology . New York: Academic Press; 1982;p. 187
  98. Ladron de Guevara D , Ham H , Franken P , et al.   Aspetos metodologicos relacionados con la determinacion de la funcion renal relative usando 99m Tc MAG3 . Revista Española Med Nucl . 2002;21:338–342
  99. Rutland MD . A comprehensive analysis of renal DTPA studies. I. Theory and normal values . Nucl Med Commun . 1985;6:11–20
  100. Piepsz A , Tondeur M , Ham H . Relative 99mTc-MAG3 renal uptake (Reproducibility and accuracy) . J Nucl Med . 1999;40:972–976
  101. Moonen M , Jacobsson L , Granerus G , et al.   Determination of split renal function from gamma camera renography (a study of three methods) . Nucl Med Commun . 1994;15:704–711
  102. Sfakianakis GN , Cohen DJ , Braunstein RH , et al.   MAG3-F0 scintigraphy in decision making for emergency intervention in renal colic after helical CT positive for a urolith . J Nucl Med . 2000;41:1813–1822
  103. Donoso G , Ham H , Tondeur M , et al.   Influence of early furosemide injection on the split renal function . Nucl Med Commun . 2003;2:791–795
  104. Oberhausen E . Renal clearance investigation with radionuclides . J Nucl Biol Med . 1972;16:177–182
  105. Piepsz A , Dobbeleir A , Erbsmann F . Measurement of separate kidney clearance by means of 99mTc-DTPA complex and a scintillation camera . Eur J Nucl Med . 1977;30:173–177
  106. Rehling M , Moller ML , Jensen JJ , et al.   Reliability of single kidney glomerular filtration rate measured by a 99mTc-DTPA gamma camera technique . Scand J Urol Nephrol . 1986;20:57–62
  107. Decostre PL , Salmon Y . Temporal behavior of peripheral organ distribution volume in mammillary systems. II. Application to background correction in separate glomerular filtration rate estimation in man . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:1710–1716
  108. Gates GF . Split renal function testing using Tc-99m DTPA. A rapid technique for determining differential glomerular filtration . Clin Nucl Med . 1983;8:400–407
  109. Schlegel JU , Halikiopoulos HL , Prima R . Determination of filtration fraction using the gamma scintillation camera . J Urol . 1979;122:447–450
  110. Itoh K . Comparison of methods for determination of glomerular filtration rate (Tc-99m-DTPA renography, predicted creatinine clearance method and plasma sample method) . Ann Nucl Med . 2003;17:561–565
  111. Boubaker A , Prior JO , Meyrat B , et al.   Unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children (long-term follow up after unilateral pyeloplasty) . J Urol . 2003;170:575–579
  112. Kuruc A , Treves ST , Rosen PR , et al.   Estimating the plasma time-activity curve during radionuclide renography . J Nucl Med . 1987;28:1338–1340
  113. Piepsz A , Dobbeleir A , Ham HR . Effect of background correction on separate technetium-99m-DTPA renal clearance . J Nucl Med . 1990;31:430–435
  114. Russell CD , Dubovsky EV . Gates method for GFR measurement . J Nucl Med . 1986;27:1373–1374
  115. Durand E , Prigent A , Gaillard J . Comparaison between 9 methods for estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with simultaneous injections of 51Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA . In:  Taylor A ,  Nally J ,  Thomsen H editor. Radionuclides in Nephrology . Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1997;p. 112–120
  116. Kuyvenhoven JD , Ham HR , Piepsz A . The estimation of renal transit using renography—our opinion . Nucl Med Commun . 2004;25:1223–31117
  117. Kuyvenhoven JD , Ham H , Piepsz A . Is deconvolution applicable to renography? . Nucl Med Commun . 2001;22:1255–1260
  118. Piepsz A , Ham HR , Collier F , et al.   Sensitivity of cortical transit and furosemide response in the diagnosis of renal obstruction. An experimental model . Uremia Invest . 1985;9:245–252
  119. Britton KE . Parenchymal mean transit time analysis . J Nucl Med . 2001;42:1439–1440
  120. Fleming JS . Functional radionuclide imaging of renal mean transit time and glomerular filtration rate . Nucl Med Commun . 1988;9:85–96
  121. Samal M , Nimmon CC , Britton KE . Relative renal uptake and transit time measurements . Eur J Nucl Med . 1998;25:48–54
  122. Piepsz A , Ham H , Dobbeleir A , et al.   How to exclude renal obstruction in children? . In:  Joekes AM ,  Constable AR ,  Brown NJG ,  Tauxe WN editor. Radionuclides in Nephrology . New York: Academic Press, Grune and Stratton; 1982;p. 199–204
  123. Britton KE , Nimmon CC , Whitfield HN , et al.   Obstructive nephropathy (Successful evaluation with radionuclides) . Lancet . 1979;28(1):905–907
  124. O’Reilly PH , Testa HJ , Lawson RS , et al.   Diuresis renography in equivocal urinary tract obstruction . Br J Urol . 1978;50:76–80
  125. Eskild-Jensen A , Gordon I , Piepsz A , et al.   Interpretation of the renogram (problems and pitfalls in hydronephrosis in children) . BJU Int . 2004;94:887–892
  126. Eskild-Jensen A , Gordon I , Piepsz A , et al.   Congenital unilateral hydronephrosis (a review of the impact of diuretic renography on clinical treatment) . J Urol . 2005;173:1471–1476
  127. Kuyvenhoven JD , Ham HR , Piepsz A . Optimal time window for measurement of renal output parameters . Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur . 2002;5:105–108
  128. Wong DC , Rossleigh MA , Farnsworth RH . Diuretic renography with the addition of quantitative gravity-assisted drainage in infants and children . J Nucl Med . 2000;41:1030–1036
  129. Chaiwatanarat T , Padhy AK , Bomanji JB , et al.   Validation of renal output efficiency as an objective quantitative parameter in the evaluation of upper urinary tract obstruction . J Nucl Med . 1993;34:845–848
  130. Nimmon CC , Samal M , Britton KE . Elimination of the influence of total renal function on renal output efficiency and normalized residual activity . J Nucl Med . 2004;45:587–593
  131. Piepsz A , Ham H . Factors influencing the accuracy of renal output efficiency . Nucl Med Commun . 2000;21:1009–1013
  132. Piepsz A , Tondeur M , Ham H . NORA (A simple and reliable parameter for estimating renal output with or without frusemide challenge) . Nucl Med Commun . 2000;21:317–323
  133. Piepsz A , Kuyvenhoven JD , Tondeur M , et al.   Normalized residual activity (Usual values and robustness of the method) . J Nucl Med . 2002;43:33–38
  134. Donoso G , Kuyvenhoven JD , Ham H , et al.   99mTc-MAG3 diuretic renography in children (A comparison between F0 and F+20) . Nucl Med Commun . 2003;24:1189–1193
  135. Amarante J , Anderson PJ , Gordon I . Impaired drainage on diuretic renography using half-time or pelvic excretion efficiency is not a sign of obstruction in children with a prenatal diagnosis of unilateral renal pelvic dilatation . J Urol . 2003;169:1828–1831
  136. Kuyvenhoven JD , Ham HR , Piepsz A . Re (Impaired drainage on diuretic renography using half-time or pelvic excretion efficiency is not a sign of obstruction in children with a prenatal diagnosis of unilateral renal pelvic dilatation) . J Urol . 2004;171:806
  137. Helin I , Persson PH . Prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities by ultrasound . Pediatrics . 1986;78:879–883
  138. Chevalier RL , Chung KH , Smith CD , et al.   Renal apoptosis and clustering following ureteral obstruction (The role of maturation) . J Urol . 1996;156:1474–1479
  139. Chevalier RL , Gomez RA , Jones EE . Development determinants of recovery after relief of partial ureteral obstruction . Kidney Int . 1988;33:775–779
  140. Josephson S . Experimental obstructive hydronephrosis in newborn rats. III. Long term effects on renal function . J Urol . 1983;129:396–400
  141. Koff SA . The beneficial and protective effects of hydronephrosis . APMIS Suppl . 2003;109:7–12
  142. Ransley PG , Dhillon HK , Duffy PG , et al.   The postnatal management of hydronephrosis diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound . J Urol . 1990;144:584–587
  143. Koff SA , Campbell KD . Nonoperative management of unilateral neonatal hydronephrosis . J Urol . 1992;148:525–531
  144. Hanna MK . Antenatal hydronephrosis and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (The case for early intervention) . Urology . 2000;55:612–615
  145. Josephson S . Antenatally detected, unilateral dilatation of the renal pelvis:a critical review. 1. Postnatal non-operative treatment 20 years on-is it safe? . Scand J Urol Nephrol . 2002;36:243–250
  146. Josephson S . Antenatally detected, unilateral dilatation of the renal pelvis:a critical review. 2. Postnatal non-operative treatment—Long-term hazards, urgent research . Scand J Urol Nephrol . 2002;36:251–259
  147. Ulman I , Jayanthi VR , Koff SA . The long- term follow up of newborns with severe unilateral hydronephrosis initially managed nonoperatively . J Urol . 2000;164:1101–1105
  148. Ismaili K , Hall M , Ham H , et al.   Evolution of individual renal function in children with unilateral complex renal duplication . J Pediat . 2005;147:208–212
  149. Vranken E , Ham H , Ismaili K , et al.   Maturation of malfunctioning kidneys . Pediatr Nephrol . 2005;20:1146–1150
  150. Maenhout A, Ham H, Ismaili K, et al: Supranormal differential renal function in unilateral hydronephrosis: Real finding or hypofunction of the contralateral kidney? Pediatr Nephrol (in press)
  151. Piepsz A , Ismaili K , Hall M , et al.   How to interpret a deterioration of split function? . Eur Urol . 2005;47:686–690
  152. Piepsz A, Prigent A, Hall M, et al: At which level of unilateral renal impairment does contralateral functional compensation occur? Pediatr Nephrol (published online August 4, 2005)
  153. Mandell GA , Eggli DF , Gilday DL , et al.   Procedure guideline for radionuclide cystography in children . J Nucl Med . 1997;38:1650–1654
  154. Gordon I , Colarinha P , Fettich J , et al.   Guidelines for indirect radionuclide cystography . Eur J Nucl Med . 2001;28:BP16–BP20
  155. Lebowitz RL , Olbing H , Parkkulainen KV , et al.   International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International Reflux Study in Children . Pediatr Radiol . 1985;15:105–109
  156. De Sadeleer C , De Boe V , Keuppens F , et al.   How good is technetium-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine indirect cystography? . Eur J Nucl Med . 1994;21:223–227
  157. Merrick MV , Uttley WS , Wild RA . comparison of two techniques of detecting vesico-ureteric reflux . Br J Radiol . 1979;52:792–795
  158. Carlsen O , Lukman B , Nathan E . Indirect radionuclide renocystography for determination of vesico-ureteral reflux in children . Eur J Nucl Med . 1986;12:205–210
  159. Gordon I . Indirect radionuclide cystography-the coming of age . Nucl Med Commun . 1989;10:457–458

PII: S0001-2998(05)00049-8

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2005.08.002

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 36, Issue 1 , Pages 16-35 , January 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution