« Previous
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 2
, Pages 120-143
, March 2007
The Aging of the Heart and Blood Vessels: A Consideration of Anatomy and Physiology in the Era of Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging Methods With Special Consideration of Atherogenesis
References
- The 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificates and Reports. Vital Health Stat. 1991;4:1–34
- In: Kannel W, Wolf P, Garrison R editor. The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Disease. Bethesda, MD: NHLBI, NIH; 1988;
- Prevalence and prognostic significance of exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia detected by thallium scintigraphy and electrocardiography in asymptomatic volunteers. Circulation. 1990;81:428–436
- . Invited review: aging and the cardiovascular system. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:2591–2597
- . World Health Organization Report. Geneva: WHO; 2004;
- Best B. Mechanism of aging. Volume 2006. Available at: http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/aging.html. Accessed November 14, 2006.
- Rohde D. Afghanistan, symbol for change becomes symbol for failure. New York Times 2006 9/05/2006
- Echocardiographic assessment of a normal adult aging population. Circulation. 1977;56:273–278
- . The “sigmoid septum.” Variation in the contour of the left ventricular outlet. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1969;107:366–376
- Left ventricular diastolic filling and its association with age. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:531–535
- Prolonged contraction duration in aged myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1975;55:61–68
- Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients > or = 65 years of age. Cardiovascular Health Study Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:413–419
- Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561–1566
- Ischemic events during coronary artery balloon obstruction. In: Rutishauser W, Roskamm H editor. Silent Myocardial Ischemia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1984;p. 29–36
- . Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22:983–988
- Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation (30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study). JAMA. 1985;254:3449–3453
- . Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age. Physiol Rev. 1993;73:413–467
- Effect of aging on aortic morphology in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerosis (Comparison between occidental and Chinese communities). Am J Pathol. 1991;139:1119–1129
- Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14–22
- Circulating and cellular markers of endothelial dysfunction with aging in rats. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:H1941–H1948
- . Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the thickened intima of aged rats. Hypertension. 1999;33:116–123
- A cross-link breaker has sustained effects on arterial and ventricular properties in older rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:1171–1175
- . Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: aging arteries: A “set up” for vascular disease. Circulation. 2003;107:139–146
- . The effect of age on the elasticity of human iliac arteries. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37:557–570
- Aging and endothelial function in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1995;91:1981–1987
- Effect of age on the responsiveness of vascular alpha-adrenoceptors in man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1982;4:388–392
- . Vascular endothelium, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:1–5
- Impact of age on the cardiovascular response to dynamic upright exercise in healthy men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1995;78:890–900
- Influence of age on the hemodynamic response to exercise. Circulation. 1967;36:222–230
- Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res. 1971;29:424–431
- Differential effects of aging on the heart rate and blood pressure influences of arterial baroreceptors in awake rats. J Hypertens. 1991;9:615–621
- Scintigraphic assessment of regional cardiac adrenergic innervation. Circulation. 1989;79:634–644
- . Imaging of the heart using metaiodobenzylguanidine. J Thorac Imaging. 1990;5:31–36
- Scintigraphic assessment of postnatal maturation of myocardial sympathetic nerves. Circulation. 1988;76:455
- Scintigraphic assessment of MIBG uptake in globally denervated human and canine hearts–implications for clinical studies. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1444–1450
- . Does reduced vascular stiffening fully explain preserved cardiovagal baroreflex function in older, physically active men?. Circulation. 2001;103:2424–2427
- . Aging escalates baroreceptor reflex suppression by the posterior hypothalamus in rats. Hypertension. 1991;17:80–90
- Structural versus functional modulation of the arterial baroreflex. Hypertension. 1995;26:341–347
- . Plasma noradrenaline increases with age. Nature. 1976;261:333–335
- Effect of sympathectomy on mechanical properties of common carotid and femoral arteries. Hypertension. 1997;30:1085–1088
- . An ultrastructural study of the effects of age on sympathetic innervation and atrial tissue in the rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1983;15:75–92
- Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate. Circulation. 1984;69:203–213
- Enhanced endothelial vasoreactivity in endurance-trained older men. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:2136–2142
- Decreased cardiopulmonary reflexes with aging in normotensive humans. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:H961–H968
- . Augmented cardiopulmonary and integrative sympathetic baroreflexes but attenuated peripheral vasoconstriction with age. Hypertension. 1998;32:298–304
- Remodeling of heart and arteries by chronic converting enzyme inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1991;4:240S–245S
- Correlation of coronary calcification and angiographically documented stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: Results of 1,764 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:451–457
- . Integration of vascular biology and magnetic resonance imaging in the understanding of atherothrombosis and acute coronary syndromes. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:1410–1421
- T2-weighted contrast for NMR characterization of human atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:1533–1542
- Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology. 2001;221:285–299
- . Role of magnetic resonance and intravascular magnetic resonance in the detection of vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl 8):C48–C56
- . High-resolution MR imaging of human arteries. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995;5:93–100
- Lipid lowering by simvastatin induces regression of human atherosclerotic lesions: Two years’ follow-up by high-resolution noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2002;106:2884–2887
- Statin-induced cholesterol lowering and plaque regression after 6 months of magnetic resonance imaging-monitored therapy. Circulation. 2004;110:2336–2341
- Contrast-enhanced high resolution MRI for atherosclerotic carotid artery tissue characterization. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;15:62–67
- MR and fluorescent imaging of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Acad Radiol. 2004;11:1251–1259
- Recombinant HDL-like nanoparticles: a specific contrast agent for MRI of atherosclerotic plaques. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:16316–16317
- Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2003;107:2453–2458
- Cardiovascular function in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: normal values by age, sex, and ethnicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(suppl 2):S357–S365
- Imaging atherosclerotic plaque inflammation with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105:2708–2711
- (18)F-FDG accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques: Immunohistochemical and PET imaging study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1245–1250
- Quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic burden of the aorta by combined FDG-PET and CT image analysis: A new concept. Nucl Med Biol. 2006;33:1037–1043
- Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease?. Circulation. 1988;78:1157–1166
- . Can we predict future acute coronary events in patients with stable coronary artery disease?. JAMA. 1997;277:343–344
- From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient—Part III: Executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force report. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:2H–15H
- Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression of coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1141–1154
- From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I. Circulation. 2003;108:1664–1672
- Lipid and cellular constituents of unstable human aortic plaques. Basic Res Cardiol. 1994;89(suppl 1):33–39
- . Molecular and metabolic imaging of atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1898–1907
- Prognostic value of coronary electron-beam computed tomography for coronary heart disease events in asymptomatic populations. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:945–948
- . Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2002;32:274–277
- . Role of monocytes in atherogenesis. Physiol Rev. 2003;83:1069–1112
- . Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res. 2002;90:251–262
- . Stability and instability: Two faces of coronary atherosclerosis (The Paul Dudley White Lecture 1995). Circulation. 1996;94:2013–2020
- Targeting the vulnerable plaque: The evolving role of nuclear imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2005;12:234–246
- Radionuclide imaging for the detection of inflammation in vulnerable plaques. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl 8):C57–C68
- Thermal detection of cellular infiltrates in living atherosclerotic plaques: possible implications for plaque rupture and thrombosis. Lancet. 1996;347:1447–1451
- In vivo temperature heterogeneity of atherosclerotic plaques is determined by plaque composition. Circulation. 2002;105:1596–1601
- Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1556–1565
- Macrophage imaging in central nervous system and in carotid atherosclerotic plaque using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 2004;39:619–625
- . Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Herz. 2004;29:741–748
- . Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(suppl 8):C7–C12
- From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: A call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part II. Circulation. 2003;108:1772–1778
- Autologous low-density lipoprotein labeling allows characterization of human atherosclerotic lesions in vivo as to presence of foam cells and endothelial coverage. Eur J Nucl Med. 1991;18:948–951
- Imaging human atherosclerosis with 99mTc-labeled low density lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis. 1988;8:461–470
- Radio labeling autologous monocytes with 111-indium-oxine for reinjection in patients with atherosclerosis. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;355:271–280
- . Leukocyte recruitment into developing atherosclerotic lesions: The complex interaction between multiple molecules keeps getting more complex. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:361–363
- Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of new radioiodinated MMP inhibitors for imaging MMP activity in vivo. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:257–267
- Noninvasive detection of plaque instability with use of radiolabeled annexin A5 in patients with carotid-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1472–1473
- Targeting of apoptotic macrophages and experimental atheroma with radiolabeled annexin V: A technique with potential for noninvasive imaging of vulnerable plaque. Circulation. 2003;108:3134–3139
- Imaging endothelin ET(B) receptors using [18F]-BQ3020: In vitro characterization and positron emission tomography (microPET). Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006;231:736–740
- Non-invasive imaging of atherosclerotic plaque macrophage in a rabbit model with F-18 FDG PET: A histopathological correlation. BMC Nucl Med. 2006;6:3
- Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the aortic wall at PET/CT: Possible finding for active atherosclerosis. Radiology. 2003;229:831–837
- 18F FDG uptake in the large arteries: Acorrelation study with the atherogenic risk factors. Semin Nucl Med. 2002;32:70–76
- Association of vascular 18F-FDG uptake with vascular calcification. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1278–1284
- Analysis of pooled data from the randomized controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003;361:107–116
- Inflammation in high-grade carotid stenosis: A possible role for macrophages and T cells in plaque destabilization. Stroke. 1998;29:1625–1630
- Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:2493–2503
- Human blood-derived macrophages induce apoptosis in human plaque-derived vascular smooth muscle cells by Fas-ligand/Fas interactions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1402–1407
- . Why do plaques rupture?. Circulation. 1992;86(suppl 6):III30–III42
- Molecular determinants of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;811:134–142discussion 142-135
- Identification of culprit lesions after transient ischemic attack by combined 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2005;36:2642–2647
- Relationship between serum markers of atherosclerosis and vascular FDG uptake in asymptomatic subjects. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:127
- Differences in FDG uptake in the large arteries of diabetic and age matched normal subject may indicate early atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:126
- Correlation of hyperlipidemia with high degree of FDG uptake in human aorta. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:127
- Obesity correlated with high degree of FDG uptake in the aorta in populations with normal lipid profile of same age group. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:262
- Degree of FDG uptake and MDP uptake in femoral arteries: changes with age. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:128
- Evaluation of arterial FDG uptake and calcification in healthy subjects with serial FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:127
- Mitochondrial metabolism and substrate competition in the aging Fischer rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 1993;27:2222–2228
- Fatty acid oxidation by isolated perfused working hearts of aged rats. Am J Physiol. 1977;232:E258–E262
- Impact of aging on substrate metabolism by the human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:293–299
- Does intense myocardial uptake of fasting FDG-PET scan indicate cardiac disease?. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:274
- Evaluation of the relationship between physiological FDG uptake in the heart and age, blood glucose level, fasting period, and hospitalization. Ann Nucl Med. 2006;20:203–208
- Influence of blood glucose level, age and fasting period on non-pathological FDG uptake in heart and gut. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:98–101
- . Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data (Generalizations). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:584–590
This article was written while E.H.B. was on professional leave from the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
PII: S0001-2998(06)00082-1
doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2006.10.005
© 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 37, Issue 2
, Pages 120-143
, March 2007
