Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 4 , Pages 240-250 , July 2008

Advances in Evaluation of Primary Brain Tumors

  • Wei Chen, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
    • Department of Radiology, Kaiser Permanente Woodland Hills Medical Center, Woodland Hills, CA.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Wei Chen, MD, PhD, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, CHS AR-144, UCLA School of Medicine, MC694215, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942.
  • ,
  • Daniel H.S. Silverman, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.

References 

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures (Surveillance Research). www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2007AAacspdf2007.pdf2007;Accessed March 12, 2008
  2. In:  Kleihurs P,  Cavenee WK editor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors: Pathology and Genetics of Tumors of the Nervous System. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;
  3. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 2005-2006. http://www.cbtrus.orgAccessed March 12, 2008
  4. Levivier M, Becerra A, De Witte O, et al. Raidiation necrosis or recurrence. J Neurosurg. 1996;84:148–149
  5. Olson JD, Riedel E, DeAngelis LM. Long-term outcome of low-grade oligodendroglioma and mixed glioma. Neurology. 2000;54:1442–1448
  6. Grant R, Liang BC, Slattery J, et al. Chemotherapy response criteria in malignant glioma. Neurology. 1997;48:1336–1340
  7. Watling CJ, Lee DH, Macdonald DR, et al. Corticosteroid-induced magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1886–1889
  8. Padoma MV, Said S, Jacobs M, et al. Prediction of pathology and survival by FDG PET in gliomas. J Neuro-Oncol. 2003;64:227–237
  9. De Witte O, Levivier M, Violon P, et al. Prognostic value of positron emission tomography with [18F]Fluoro-2-D-glucose in the low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg. 1996;39:470–477
  10. Olivero WC, Dulebohn SC, Lister JR. The use of PET in evaluating patients with primary brain tumors: is it useful?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58:250–252
  11. Ricci PE, Karis JP, Heiserman JE, et al. Differentiating recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis: Time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography?. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:407–413
  12. Wong TZ, Turkington TG, Hawk TC, et al. PET and brain tumor image fusion. Cancer J. 2004;10:234–242
  13. Ishizu K, Sadato N, Yonekura Y, et al. Enhanced detection of brain tumors by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET with Glucose loading. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994;18:12–15
  14. Spence AM, Muzi M, Mankoff DA, et al. 18F-FDG PET of gliomas at delayed intervals: Improved distinction between tumor and normal gray matter. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1653–1659
  15. Ishiwata K, Kutota K, Murakami M, et al. Re-evaluation of amino acid PET studies: Can the protein synthesis rates in brain and tumor tissues be measured in vivo?. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1936–1943
  16. Jager PL, Vaalburg W, Pruim J, et al. Radiolabeled amino acids: Basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. J Nucl Med. 1993;42:432–445
  17. Herholz K, Holzer T, Bauer B, et al. 11C-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. Neurology. 1998;50:1316–1322
  18. Coope DJ, Cizek J, Eggers C, et al. Evaluation of primary brain tumors using 11C-methionine PET with reference to a normal methionine uptake map. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1971–1980
  19. Laverman P, Boerman OC, Corstens FHM, et al. Fluorinated amino acids for tumour imaging with positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:681–690
  20. Weber WA, Wester HJ, Grosu AL, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine and L-[methyl-11C]methionine uptake in brain tumours: Initial results of a comparative study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2000;27:542–549
  21. Becherer A, Karanikas G, Szabo M, et al. Brain tumour imaging with PET: A comparison between [18F]fluorodopa and [11C]methionine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1561–1567
  22. Bethien-Baumann B, Bredow J, Burchert W, et al. 3-O-Methyl-6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA and its evaluation in brain tumour imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1004–1008
  23. Chen W, Silverman DHS, Delaloye S, et al. 18F-FDOPA PET imaging of brain tumors: Comparison study with 18F-FDG PET and evaluation of diagnostic accuracy. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:904–911
  24. Schiepers C, Chen W, Cloughesy T, et al. 18F-FDOPA kinetics in brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1651–1661
  25. Jager PL, Vaalburg W, Prium J, et al. Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:432–445
  26. Isselbacher KJ. Sugar and amino acid transport by cells in culture: Differences between normal and malignant cells. N Engl J Med. 1972;286:929–933
  27. Busch H, Davis JR, Honig GR, et al. The uptakes of a variety of amino acids into nuclear proteins of tumors and other tissues. Cancer Res. 1959;19:1030–1039
  28. Miyagawa T, Oku T, Uehara H, et al. “Facilitated” amino acid transport is upregulated in brain tumors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:500–509
  29. Sadeghi N, Salmon I, Decaestecker C, et al. Stereotactic comparison among cerebral blood volume, methionine uptake, and histopathology in brain glioma. Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:455–461
  30. Wyss MT, Hofer S, Hefti M, et al. Spatial heterogeneity of low-grade gliomas at the capillary level: a PET study on tumor blood flow and amino acid uptake. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1047–1052
  31. Hustinx R, Smith RJ, Benard F, et al. Can the standardized uptake value characterize primary brain tumors on FDG-PET?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 1999;26:1501–1509
  32. Henze M, Mohammed A, Schlemmer HP, et al. PET and SPECT for detection of tumor progression in irradiated low-grade astrocytoma: a receiver-operating-characteristic analysis. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:579–586
  33. Chao ST, Suh JH, Raja S, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumors from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Cancer. 2001;96:191–197
  34. Wang SX, Boethius J, Ericson K. FDG-PET on irradiated brain tumor: Ten years' summary. Acta Radiol. 2006;47:85–90
  35. Spaeth N, Wyss MT, Weber B, et al. Uptake of 18F-fluorocholine, 18F-fluoroehtyl-L-tyrosine, and 18F-FDG in acute cerebral radiation injury in the rat: implications for separation of radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1931–1938
  36. Kwee SA, Ko JP, Jiang CS, et al. Solitary brain lesions enhancing at MR imaging: Evaluation with fluorine 18-fluorocholine PET. Radiology. 2007;244:557–565
  37. Chung JK, Kim YK, Kim SK, et al. Usefulness of 11C-methionine PET in the evaluation of brain lesions that are hypo- or isometabolic on 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:176–182
  38. Popperl G, Gotz C, Rachinger W, et al. Value of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for the diagnosis of recurrent glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:1464–1470
  39. Rachinger W, Goetz C, Popperl G, et al. Positron emission tomography with O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine versus magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of recurrent gliomas. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:505–511
  40. Seibyl JP, Chen W, Silverman DHS. 3,4-Dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-L-phenylalanine positron emission tomography in patients with central motor disorders and in evaluation of brain and other tumors. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:440–450
  41. Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Sabel M, et al. 18F-FET PET differentiation of ring-enhancing brain lesions. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:776–782
  42. Salber D, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, et al. Differential uptake of O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine, L-3H-methionine, and 3H-deoxyglucose in brain abscesses. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:2056–2062
  43. Salber D, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, et al. Differential uptake of [18F]FET and [3H]L-methionine in focal cortical ischemia. Nucl Med Biol. 2006;33:1029–1035
  44. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Massager N, et al. Combined use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine in 45 positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic brain biopsies. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1293–1298
  45. Pauleit D, Floeth F, Hamacher K, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET combined with MRI improves the diagnostic assessment of cerebral gliomas. Brain. 2005;128:678–687
  46. Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Wittsack HJ, et al. Multimodal metabolic imaging of cerebral gliomas: Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:318–327
  47. Stockhammer F, Thomale UW, Plotkin M, et al. Association between fluorine-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and 1p and 19q loss of heterozygosity in World Health Organization Grade II gliomas. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:633–636
  48. Tralins KS, Douglas JG, Stelzer KJ, et al. Volumetric analysis of 18F-FDG PET in glioblastoma multiforme: Prognostic information and possible role in definition of target volumes in radiation dose escalation. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1667–1673
  49. [F-18]-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for targeting radiation dose escalation for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: clinical outcomes and patterns of failure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:886–891
  50. Grosu AL, Weber WA, Franz M, et al. Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade gliomas using amino acid PET (SPECT)/CT/MRI image fusion to determine gross tumor volume for stereotactic fractional radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:511–519
  51. Rasey JS, Koh WJ, Evans ML, et al. Quantifying regional hypoxia in human tumors with positron emission tomography f [18F]fluoromisonidazole: A pre-therapy study of 37 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:417–428
  52. Whitmore GF, Varghese AJ. The biological properties of reduced nitroheterocyclics and possible underlying biochemical mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35:97–103
  53. Brown JM. Therapeutic targets in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:319–326
  54. Bruehlmerier M, Roelcke U, Schubiger PA, et al. Assessment of hypoxia and perfusion in human brain tumors using PET with 18F-fluoromizonidazole and 15O-H2O. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1851–1859
  55. Cher LM, Murone C, Lawrentschuk N, et al. Correlation of hypoxic cell fraction and angiogenesis with glucose metabolic rate in gliomas using 18F-fluoromisonidazole, 18F-FDG PET, and immunohistochemical studies. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:410–418
  56. Shields A, Grierson J, Dohmen B, et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with F-18 FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med. 1998;4:1334–1336
  57. Rasey IS, Grierson JR, Wierns LW, et al. Validation of FLT uptake as a measure of thymidine kinase-1 activity in A549 carcinoma cells. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1210–1217
  58. Toyohara J, Waki A, Takamatsu S, et al. Basis of FLT as a cell proliferation marker: Comparative uptake studies with [3H]thymidine and [3H]arabinothymidine, and cell-analysis in 22 asynchronously growing tumor cell lines. Nucl Med Biol. 2002;29:281–287
  59. Schwartz JL, Grierson JR, Rasey JS, et al. Rates of accumulation and retention of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (FLT) in different cell lines. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:283–290
  60. Chen W, Cloughesy T, Kamdar N, et al. Imaging proliferation in brain tumors with 18F-FLT PET: Comparison with FDG. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:945–952
  61. Jacobs AH, Thomas A, Kracht LW, et al. 18F-Fluoro-L-thyumidine and 11C-methymethione as markers of increased transport and proliferation in brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1948–1958
  62. Choi SJ, Kim JS, Kim JH, et al. [18F]3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine PET for the diagnosis and grading of brain tumors. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:653–659
  63. Yamamoto Y, Wong TZ, Turkington TC, et al. 3′-Deoxy-3′-[F-18]Fluorothymidine positron emission tomography in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: Comparison with Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Imaging Biol. 2006;8:340–347
  64. Saga T, kawashima H, Araki N, et al. Evaluation of primary brain tumors with FLT-PET: Usefulness and limitations. Clin Nucl Med. 2006;31:774–780
  65. Schiepers C, Chen W, Dahlbom M, et al. 18F–Fluoro-thymidine kinetics of malignant brain tumors. Eur J Nuc Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1003–1011
  66. Chen W, Delaloye S, Silverman DHS, et al. Predicting treatment response of malignant gliomas to bevacizumab and irinotecan by imaging proliferation with [18F] fluorothymidine positron emission tomography: A pilot study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4714–4721

 This study was supported by grants P50 CA086306 from the National Institutes of Health–National Cancer Institute and U.S. Department of Energy contract DE-FC03-87-ER60615.

PII: S0001-2998(08)00028-7

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.02.005

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 4 , Pages 240-250 , July 2008