Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 367-383 , September 2008

Small-Scale Dosimetry: Challenges and Future Directions

  • John C. Roeske, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to John C. Roeske, PhD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153.
    • ,
  • Bulent Aydogan, PhD

      Affiliations

    • University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
    • ,
  • Manuel Bardies, PhD

      Affiliations

    • INSERM, Nantes, France.
    • ,
  • John L. Humm, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.

References 

  1. Chatal JF, Hoefnagel CA. Radionuclide therapy. Lancet. 1999;354:931–935
  2. Wagner HN, Wiseman GA, Marcus CS, et al. Administration guidelines for radioimmunotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with (90)Y-labeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:267–272
  3. Jurcic JG, Larson SM, Sgouros G, et al. Targeted alpha particle immunotherapy for myelosis leukemia. Blood. 2002;100:1233–1239
  4. Allen BJ, Tian Z, Rizvi S, et al. Preclinical studies of targeted alpha therapy for breast cancer using 213Bi-labelled-plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:944–950
  5. Allen BJ, Raja C, Rizvi S, et al. Intralesional targeted alpha therapy for metastatic melanoma. Cancer Biol Ther. 2005;4:1318–1324
  6. Nilsson S, Larsen RH, Fossa SD, et al. First clinical experience with alpha-emitting radium-223 in the treatment of skeletal metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:4451–4459
  7. Rotmensch J, Schwartz JL, Atcher RW, et al. Increased nuclear damage by high linear energy transfer radioisotopes applicable for radiodirected therapy against radiologic malignancies. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1991;32:180–184
  8. Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI, Bodei L, et al. Radiotoxicity of iodine-125 and other auger-electron-emitting radionuclides: Background to therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2003;18:301–316
  9. Nikjoo H, Girard P, Charlton DE, et al. Auger electrons—a nanoprobe for structural, molecular and cellular processes. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2006;122:72–79
  10. Loevinger R, Berman M. A Schema for Absorbed Dose Calculations or Biologically Distributed Radionuclides: MIRD Pamphlet No. 1. New York, NY: The Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1968;
  11. Snyder WS, Ford MR, Warner GG. “S,” Absorbed Dose per Unit Calculated Activity for Selected Radionuclides and Organs: MIRD Pamphlet No. 11. New York, NY: The Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1975;
  12. Bouchet LG, Bolch WE, Blanco HP, et al. MIRD Pamphlet No 19: absorbed fractions and radionuclide S values for six age-dependent multiregion models of the kidney. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1113–1147
  13. Kassis AI. The MIRD approach: Remembering the limitations. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:781–782
  14. Howell RW. The MIRD Schema: From organ to cellular dimensions. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:531–533
  15. Kwok CS, Bialobzyski PJ, Yu SK. Effect of tissue inhomogeneity on dose distribution of continuous activity of low-energy electrons in bone marrow cavities with different topologies. Med Phys. 1991;18:533–541
  16. Stabin MG, Eckerman K. Dose conversion factors for marrow and bone by skeletal regions. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:112
  17. Eckerman KF, Stabin MG. Electron absorbed fractions and dose conversion factors for marrow and bone by skeletal regions. Health Phys. 2000;78:199–214
  18. Fisher DR. The microdosimetry of monoclonal antibodies labeled with alpha emitters. In:  Schlafke-Stelson AT,  Watson EE editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Associated Universities; 1985;26-36
  19. Humm JL. A microdosimetric model of astatine-211 labeled antibodies for radioimmunotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:1767–1773
  20. Stinchcomb TG, Roeske JC. Analytic microdosimetry for radioimmunotherapeutic alpha emitters. Med Phys. 1992;19:1385–1393
  21. Charlton DE, Humm JL. A method of calculating initial DNA strand breakage following the decay of incorporated 125I. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1988;53:353–365
  22. Buchegger F, Perillo-Adamer F, Dupertius YM, et al. Auger radiation targeted into DNA: A therapy perspective. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1352–1363
  23. Nikjoo H, Martin RF, Charlton DE, et al. Modelling of Auger-induced DNA damage by incorporated 125I. Acta Oncol. 1996;35:849–856
  24. Elmroth K, Stenerlöw B. Influence of chromatin structure on induction of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells irradiated with DNA-incorporated 125I. Radiat Res. 2007;168:175–182
  25. Stabin MG, Siegel JA. Physical models and dose factors for use in internal dose assessment. Health Phys. 2003;85:294–310
  26. Bouchet LG, Bolch WE, Weber DA, et al. MIRD Pamphlet No. 15: Radionuclide S values in a revised dosimetric model of the adult head and brain. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:62
  27. Mardirossian G, Tagesson M, Blanco P, et al. A new rectal model for dosimetry applications. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1524–1531
  28. Ceccarelli C, Canale D, Battisti P, et al. Testicular function after 131I therapy for hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65:446–452
  29. Bouchet LG, Bolch WE, Howell RW, et al. S values for radionuclides localized within the skeleton. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:189–212
  30. Eckerman KF, Stabin MG. Electron absorbed fractions and dose conversion factors for marrow and bone by skeletal regions. Health Phys. 2000;78:199–214
  31. Coffey JL, Cristy M, Warner GG. Specific absorbed fractions for photon sources uniformly distributed in the heart chambers and heart wall of a heterogeneous phantom. J Nucl Med. 1981;22:65–71
  32. McAfee JG. Problems in evaluating the radiation dose for radionuclides excreted by the kidneys. In:  Cloutier R,  Edwards CL,  Snyder WS editor. Medical Radionuclides: Radiation Dose and Effects. Oak Ridge, TN: Atomic Energy Commission; 1969;p. 271–294
  33. Bolch WE, Bouchet LG, Robertson JS, et al. MIRD pamphlet No. 17: The dosimetry of nonuniform activity distributions-radionuclide S values at the voxel level. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:11P;(suppl 1)
  34. Zankl M, Petoussi-Henss N, Fill U, et al. The application of voxel phantoms to the internal dosimetry of radionuclides. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003;105:539–548
  35. Smith TP-HN, Zankl M. Comparison of internal radiation doses estimated by MIRD and voxel techniques for a “family” of phantoms. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;1387–1398
  36. Rao DV, Govelitz GF, Sastry KS. Radiotoxicity of thallium-201 in mouse testes: Inadequacy of conventional dosimetry. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:145–153
  37. Makrigiorgos GM, Ito S, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J, et al. Inhomogeneous deposition of radiopharmaceuticals at the cellular level: Experimental evidence and dosimetric implications. J Nucl Med. 1990;31:1358–1363
  38. In:  Goddu M,  Howell RW,  Bouchet L, et al. editor. MIRD cellular S values: Self-absorbed dose per unit cumulated activity for selected radionuclides and monoenergetic electron and alpha particle emitters incorporated into different cell compartments. Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1997;
  39. Hindorf C, Emfietzoglou D, Linden O, et al. Internal microdosimetry for single cells in radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2005;20:224–230
  40. Champion C, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Hindie E. CELLDOSE: A Monte Carlo code to assess electron dose distribution—S values for 131I in spheres of various sizes. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:151–157
  41. Bardies M, Chatal JF. Absorbed doses for internal radiotherapy from 22 beta-emitting radionuclides: Beta dosimetry of small spheres. Phys Med Biol. 1994;39:961–981
  42. Li WB, Friedland W, Pomplun E, et al. Track structures and dose distributions from decays of (131)I and (125)I in and around water spheres simulating micrometastases of differentiated thyroid cancer. Radiat Res. 2001;156:419–429
  43. Sgouros G. Toward patient-friendly cell-level dosimetry. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:496–497
  44. Bolch WE. Alpha-particle emitters in radioimmunotherapy: New and welcome challenges to medical internal dosimetry. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1222–1224
  45. Howell RW, Rao DV, Hou DY, et al. The question of relative biological effectiveness and quality factor for auger emitters incorporated into proliferating mammalian cells. Radiat Res. 1991;128:282–292
  46. Howell RW, Wessels BW, Loevinger R, et al. The MIRD perspective 1999. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:3S–10S
  47. Mausner LF, Srivastava SC. Selection of radionuclides for radioimmunotherapy. Med Phys. 1993;20:503–509
  48. Wessels BW, Rogus RD. Radionuclide selection and model absorbed dose calculations for radiolabeled tumor associated antibodies. Med Phys. 1984;11:638–645
  49. Weber DA, Eckerman KF, Dillman LT, et al. MIRD: Radionuclide data and decay schemes. New York: The Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1989;
  50. Berger MJ. MIRD Pamphlet No. 7: Distribution of absorbed doses around point sources of electrons and beta particles in water and other media. J Nucl Med. 1971;12:5–23
  51. Berger MJ. Beta-ray dosimetry calculations with the use of point kernels. In:  Cloutier RJ,  Edwards CL,  Snyder WS editor. Editors Medical radionuclides: Radiation Dose and Effects. Washington, DC: US Atomic Energy Commission; 1970;p. 63–86
  52. Bardies M, Kwok C, Sgouros G. Dose point-kernels for radionuclide dosimetry. In:  Zaidi H,  Sgouros G editor. Therapeutic applications of Monte Carlo calculations in Nuclear Medicine. Bristol and Philadelphia, PA: IOP; 2003;p. 158–174
  53. Cross WG, Williams G. Tables of Beta Dose Distributions. Chalk River, ON, Canada: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited; 1967;
  54. Berger MJ. Monte Carlo calculation of the penetration of diffusion of fast charged particles. In:  Alder B editors. Methods in Computational Physics. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1963;p. 135–215
  55. Berger MJ. Improved Point Kernels for Electrons and Beta-ray Dosimetry. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards; 1973;
  56. Prestwich WV, Nunes J, Kwok CS. Beta dose point kernels for radionuclides of potential use in radioimmunotherapy. J Nucl Med. 1989;30:1036–1046
  57. Loevinger R, Holt JG. Internally administered radioisotopes. In:  Hine GJ,  Brownell GL editor. Radiation Dosimetry. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1965;p. 801–873
  58. Spencer LV. Theory of electron penetration. Phys Rev. 1955;98:1597–1615
  59. Cross WG, Ing N, Freeman N, et al. Tables of Beta-Ray Dose Distributions in Water, Air and Other Media. Chalk River, ON, Canada: Atomic Energy of Canada Limited; 1982;
  60. Simpkin DJ, Mackie TR. EGS4 Monte Carlo determination of the beta dose kernel in water. Med Phys. 1990;17:179–186
  61. Fujimori K, Fisher DR, Weinstein JN. Integrated microscopic-macroscopic pharmacology of monoclonal antibody radioconjugates: The radiation dose distribution. Cancer Res. 1991;51:4821–4827
  62. Ferrer L, Chouin N, Bitar A, et al. Implementing dosimetry in GATE: dose-point kernel validation with GEANT4 4.8.1. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2007;22:125–129
  63. Langmuir VK, Sutherland RM. Dosimetry models for radioimmunotherapy. Med Phys. 1988;15:867–873
  64. Sastry KSR, Haydock C, Basha AM, et al. Electron dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy: Optimal electron energy. Rad Prot Dosim. 1985;13:249–252
  65. Roberson PL, Ten Haken RK, McShan DL, et al. Three-dimensional tumor dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy using serial autoradiography Int. J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;24:329–334
  66. Akabani G, Hawkins WG, Eckblader MB, et al. Patient-specific dosimetry using quantitative SPECT imaging and three-dimensional discrete Fourier transform convolution. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:308–314
  67. Erdi AK, Yorke ED, Loew MH, et al. Use of the fast Hartley transform for three-dimensional dose calculation in radionuclide therapy. Med Phys. 1998;25:2226–2233
  68. Stabin MG, Konejnenberg M, Knapp FF, et al. Monte Carlo modeling of radiation dose distribution in intravascular radiation therapy. Med Phys. 2000;27:1086–1092
  69. Hui TE, Fisher DR, Kuhn JA, et al. A mouse model for calculating cross-organ beta doses from yttrium-90-labeled immunoconjugates. Cancer. 1994;73:951–957(suppl 3)
  70. Hindorf C, Ljungberg M, Strand SE. Evaluation of parameters influencing S values in mouse dosimetry. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1960–1965
  71. Miller WH, Hartmann-Siantar C, Fisher D, et al. Evaluation of beta-absorbed fractions in a mouse model for 90Y, 188Re, 166Ho, 149Pm, 64Cu, and 177Lu radionuclides. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2005;20:436–449
  72. Kolbert KS, Watson T, Marte C, et al. Murine S factors for liver, spleen, and kidney. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:784–791
  73. Stabin MG, Peterson TE, Holburn GE, et al. Voxel-based mouse and rat models for internal dose calculations. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:655–659
  74. Bitar A, Lisbona A, Thedrez P, et al. A voxel-based mouse for internal dose calculations using Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP). Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:1013–1025
  75. Larsson E, Strand SE, Ljundberg M, et al. Mouse S-factors based on Monte Carlo simulations in the anatomical realistic Moby phantom for internal dosimetry. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2007;22:438–442
  76. Briesmeister JF. MCNP—A general Monte Carlo Code for Neutron and Photon Transport. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 1997;
  77. Bitar A, Lisbona A, Bardies M. S-factor calculations for mouse models using Monte-Carlo simulations. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;51:343–351
  78. Cloutier RJ, Watson EE. Radiation dose from isotopes in the blood. In:  Cloutier RJ,  Edwards CL,  Snyder WS editor. Medical radionuclides: Radiation Dose and Effects. Oak Ridge, TN: US Atomic Energy Commission; 1970;325-346
  79. ICRP Publication 30. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. New York, NY: Pergamon Press; 1979;
  80. Bouchet LG, Bolch WE, Howell RW, et al. S values for radionuclides localized within the skeleton. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:189–212
  81. Nelson WR, Hirayama H, Rogers DW. The EGS4 code system. Stanford, CA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center; 1985;
  82. Stabin MG, deLuz LC. Evolution and status of bone and marrow dose models. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2002;17:427–433
  83. Stabin MG, Sparks RB, Crowe E. OLINDA/EXM: The second-generation personal computer software for internal dose assessment in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1023–1027
  84. Zalutsky MR, Stabin MG, Larsen RH, et al. Tissue distribution and radiation dosimetry of astatine-211-labeled chimeric 81C6, an alpha-particle-emitting immunoconjugate. Nucl Med Biol. 1997;24:255–251
  85. Couturier O, Faivre-Chauvet A, Filippovich IV, et al. Validation of 213Bi-alpha radioimmunotherapy for multiple myeloma. Clin Canc Res. 1999;5:3165s–3170s
  86. Sgouros G, Ballangrud AM, Jurcic JG, et al. Pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of an alpha-particle emitter labeled antibody: 213Bi-HuM195 (Anti-CD33) in patients with leukemia. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:1935–1946
  87. Hall EJ. Radiobiology for the Radiologist. Philadelphia PA, Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins; 2000;
  88. Roeske JC, Humm JL. Microdosimetry of targeted radionuclides. In:  Zaidi H,  Sgouros G editor. Therapeutic Applications of Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing; 2003;202-227
  89. Polig E. The localized dosimetry of internally deposited alpha-emitters. Curr Top Radiat Res. 1978;13:189–327
  90. Rossi HH. Microdosimetric energy distribution in irradiated matter. In:  Attix FH,  Roesch WC editor. Radiation Dosimetry Vol. I. Fundamentals. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1968;43-92
  91. Roesch WC. Microdosimetry of internal sources. Radiat Res. 1977;70:494–510
  92. Booz J, Coppola M. Energy deposition by fast neutrons to small spheres. In:  Booz J,  Ebert HG,  Eickel R, et al. editor. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Microdosimetry. Verbana Pallanza, Italy: EUR 5112 d-e-f 983-1000; 1974;p. 983–1000
  93. Wilson WE, Paretzke HG. Calculation of ionization frequency distributions in small sites. Radiat Res. 1980;81:326–335
  94. Berger MJ. Methods in computational physics. In:  Booz J,  Ebert HG,  Eickel R, et al. editor. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Microdosimetry. Verbana Pallanza, Italy: EUR 5112 d-e-f 983-1000; 1974;p. 695–715
  95. Kellerer AM. Analysis of patterns of energy deposition: A survey of theoretical relations in microdosimetry. In:  Ebert HG, et al. editor. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Microdosimetry. Brussels: EUR 4452 d-e-f; 1970;p. 107–134
  96. Incerti S, Gault N, Habchi C, et al. A comparison of cellular irradiation techniques with alpha particles using the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2006;122:327–329
  97. Roeske JC, Hoggarth M. Alpha-particle Monte Carlo simulation for microdosimetric calculations using a commercial spreadsheet. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52:1909–1922
  98. Eckerman KF, Ryman JC, Taner AC, et al. Traversal of cells by radiation and absorbed dose fraction estimates for electrons and alpha particles. In:  Schlafke-Stelson AT,  Watson EE editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry Symposium. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Associated Universities; 1985;67-81
  99. Bichsel H. Stopping Powers of Fast Charged Particles in Heavy Elements. NIST Report IR-4550. Springfield, VA: US National Technical Information Service; 1992;
  100. ICRU. Stopping powers and ranges for protons and alpha particles, Report No. 49. Bethesda, MD: International Commission of Radiation Units; 1993;
  101. Ziegler JF. The stopping of energetic light ions in matter. Appl Phys Rev. 1999;85:1249–1272
  102. Attix FH. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 1986;
  103. Janni JF. Calculation of energy loss, range, path length, straggling, multiple scattering and the probability of inelastic nuclear collisions for 0.1 to 1000 MeV protons Technical Report No. Washington, DC: AFWL-TR-65-150; 1966;
  104. Walsh PJ. Stopping power and range of alpha particles. Health Phys. 1970;19:312–316
  105. Stinchcomb TG, Roeske JC. Values of “S”, <z1> and <z12> for dosimetry using alpha-particle emitters. Med Phys. 1999;26:1960–1971
  106. Charlton DE, Sephton R. A relationship between microdosimetric spectra and cell survival for high-LET irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 1991;59:447–457
  107. Humm JL, Chin LM. A model of cell inactivation by alpha-particle internal emitters. Radiat Res. 1993;134:143–150
  108. Stinchcomb TG, Roeske JC. Survival of alpha particle irradiated cells as a function of the shape and size of the sensitive target (nucleus). Radiat Prot Dosim. 1995;62:157–164
  109. Kvinnsland Y, Stokke T, Aurilien E. Radioimmunotherapy with alpha-particle emitters: Microdosimetry of cells with heterogeneous antigen expression and with various diameters of cells and nuclei. Radiat Res. 2001;155:288–296
  110. Charlton DE. The survival of monolayers of cells growing in clusters irradiated by 211At appended to the cell surfaces. Radiat Res. 1999;151:750–753
  111. Aurlien E, Larsen RH, Akabani G, et al. Exposure of human osteosarcoma and bone marrow cells to tumor-targeted alpha-particles and gamma-irradiation: Analysis of cell survival and microdosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000;76:1129–1141
  112. Larsen RH, Akabani G, Welsh P. The cytotoxicity and microdosimetry of astatine-211-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibodies in human glioma and melanoma cells in vitro. Radiat Res. 1998;149:155–162
  113. Stinchcomb TG, Roeske JC. Analysis of survival of C-18 cells after irradiation in suspension with chelated and ionic bismuth-212 using microdosimetry. Radiat Res. 1994;140:48–54
  114. Kennel SJ, Stabin M, Roeske JC, et al. Radiotoxicity of bismuth-231 bound to membranes of monolayer and spheroid cultures of tumor cells. Radiat Res. 1999;151:244–256
  115. Charlton DE. Radiation effects in spheroids of cells exposed to alpha emitters. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000;76:1555–1564
  116. Smilenov LB, Hall EJ, Bonner WM, et al. A microbeam study of DNA double-strand breaks in bystander primary human fibroblasts. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2006;122:256–259
  117. Humphreys ER, Humm JL. A Monte-Carlo approach to the microdosimetry of 224Ra in murine compact and cancellous bone. Health Phys. 1988;54:607–615
  118. Charlton DE, Utteridge TD, Beddoe AH. Microdosimetry of haemopoietic stem cells irradiated by alpha particles from short-lived products of 222Rn decays in fat cells and heamopoietic tissue. Int J Radiat Biol. 1996;69:585–592
  119. Charlton DE, Salmon PL, Utteridge TD. Monte Carlo/numerical treatment of alpha-particle spectra from sources buried in bone and resultant doses to surface cells. Int J Radiat Biol. 1998;73:89–92
  120. Austin AL, Ellender M, Haines JW, et al. Microdistribution and localized dosimetry of the alpha-emitting radionuclides 239 Pu, 241Am and 233U in mouse femoral shaft. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000;76:101–111
  121. Akabani G, Zalutsky MR. Microdosimetry of astatine-211 using histological images: Application to bone marrow. Radiat Res. 1997;148:599–607
  122. Rajon DA, Jokisch DW, Patton PW, et al. Voxel effects within digital images of trabecular bone and their consequences on chord-length distributions measurements. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:1741–1759
  123. Hunt JG, Watchman CJ, Bolch WE: Calculation of absorbed fractions to human skeletal tissues due to alpha particles using monte carlo and 3-D chord-based transport techniques. Radiat Prot Dosim, 2007
  124. Utteridge TD, Charlton DE, Allen BJ. Monte Carlo modeling of the effects of injected short-, medium- and longer-range alpha-particle emitters on human marrow at various ages. Radiat Res. 2001;156:413–418
  125. Fakir H, Hofmann W. Incorporation of microdosimetric concepts into a biologically-based model of radiation carcinogenesis. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2006;122:330–334
  126. Charlton DE, Booz J. A Monte Carlo treatment of the decay of 125I. Radiat Res. 1981;87:10–23
  127. Chung MF, Jenkins LH. Auger electron energies of the outer shell electrons. Surf Sci. 1970;22:479–485
  128. Pomplun E, Booz K, Charlton DE. A Monte Carlo simulation of Auger electron cascades. Rad Res. 1987;111:553–552
  129. Desclaux JP. A multi-configuration relativistic Dirac-Fock program. Comput Phys Commun. 1976;9:31–45
  130. Carlson TA, White RM. Formation of fragment ions from CH3125Te and C2H5125Te following the nuclear decay of CH3125I and C2H5125I. J Chem Phys. 1964;38:2930–2934
  131. Ertl HH, Feinendegen LE, Heiniger HJ. Iodine-125, a tracer in cell biology: Physical properties and biological aspects. Phys Med Biol. 1970;15:447–456
  132. Burki HJ, Roots R, Feinendegen LE, et al. Inactivation of mammalian cells after disintegration of 3H or 125I in cell DNA at −196 degrees C. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 1973;24:363–375
  133. Hofer KG, Keough G, Smith JM. Biological toxicity of Auger emitters: Molecular fragmentation versus electron irradiation. Curr Top Radiat Res Q. 1978;12:335–354
  134. Yasui LS, Hofer KG. Role of mitochondrial DNA in 125I decay induced cell death. Int J Radiat Biol. 1986;49:601–610
  135. Hofer KG. Biophysical aspects of Auger processes—A review. Acta Oncol. 1996;35:789–796
  136. Kassis AI, Fayad F, Kinsey BM, et al. Radiotoxicity of an 125I labeled DNA intercalator in Mammalian Cells. Radiat Res. 1989;118:283–294
  137. Sastry KS. Biological effects of the Auger emitter iodine-125: A review (Report No. 1 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6). Med Phys. 1992;19:1361–1370
  138. Kassis AI, Adelstein SJ, Haydock C, et al. Lethality of Auger electrons from the decay of bromine-77 in the DNA of mammalian cells. Radiat Res. 1982;90:362–373
  139. Makrigiorgos GM, Berman RM, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J, et al. DNA damage produced in V79 cells by DNA-incorporated iodine-123: A comparison with iodine-125. Radiat Res. 1992;129:309–314
  140. Kassis AI, Adelstein SJ, Haydock C, et al. Thallium-201: An experimental and a theoretical radiobiological approach to dosimetry. J Nucl Med. 1983;24:1164–1175
  141. Rao DV, Shepstone BJ, Wilkins HB, et al. Kinetics and dosimetry of thallium-201 in human testes. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:607–609
  142. Pomplun E, Terrissol M, Kümmerle E. Estimation of a radiation weighting factor for 99mTc. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2006;122:80–81
  143. Narra VR, Sastry KS, Goddu SM, et al. Relative biological effectiveness of 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Med Phys. 1994;21:1921–1926
  144. Howell RW. Radiation spectra for Auger-electron emitting radionuclides: Report No. 2 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6. Med Phys. 1992;19:1371–1383
  145. Humm JL, Howell RW, Rao DV. Dosimetry of Auger-electron-emitting radionuclides: Report no. 3 of AAPM Nuclear Medicine Task Group No. 6. Med Phys. 1994;21:1901–1915
  146. Humm JL, Charlton DE. A new calculational method to assess the therapeutic potential of Auger electron emission. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;17:351–360
  147. Martin RF, Haseltine WA. Range of radiochemical damage to DNA with decay of iodine-125. Science. 1981;213:896–898
  148. Terrissol M, Pomplun E. A nucleosome model for the simulation of DNA strand break experiments. Basic Life Sci. 1994;63:243–250
  149. Terrissol M, Edel S, Pomplun E. Computer evaluation of direct and indirect damage induced by free and DNA-bound iodine-125 in the chromatin fibre. Int J Radiat Biol. 2004;80:905–908
  150. ICRU Report 67. Absorbed-Dose Specification in Nuclear Medicine. Ashford, UK: International Commission of Radiation Units, Nuclear Technology Publishing; 2002;
  151. Goddu SM, Howell RW, Rao DV. Calculation of equivalent dose for Auger electron emitting radionuclides distributed in human organs. Acta Oncol. 1996;35:909–916
  152. Liber HL, LeMotte PK, Little JB. Toxicity and mutagenicity of X-rays and [125I]dUrd or [3H]TdR incorporated in the DNA of human lymphoblast cells. Mutat Res. 1983;111:387–404

PII: S0001-2998(08)00070-6

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.05.003

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 367-383 , September 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution