Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 392-402 , September 2008

Effects of Low Level Radiation—What's New?

  • Henry D. Royal, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Henry D. Royal, MD, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110.

References 

  1. NAS/NRC (National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council). Health Risks From Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BEIR VII, Phase 2. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2006;
  2. NAS/NRC (National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council). Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BEIR V. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1990;
  3. Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, et al. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat Res. 2007;168:1–64
  4. Cullings HM, Fujita S, Funamoto S, et al. Dose estimation for atomic bomb survivor studies: Its evolution and present status. Radiat Res. 2006;166:219–254
  5. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277–2284
  6. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, et al. Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: Retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. BMJ. 2005;331:77
  7. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, et al. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiat Res. 2007;167:396–416
  8. Lubin JH. On the discrepancy between epidemiologic studies in individuals of lung cancer and residential radon and Cohen's ecologic regression. Health Phys. 1998;75:4–10
  9. Cardis E, Kesminiene A, Ivanov V, et al. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131I in childhood. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:724–732
  10. Ivanov VK, Gorski AI, Tsyb AF, et al. Radiation-epidemiological studies of thyroid cancer incidence among children and adolescents in the Bryansk oblast of Russia after the Chernobyl accident (1991-2001 follow-up period). Radiat Environ Biophys. 2006;45:9–16
  11. Jacob P, Bogdanova TI, Buglova E, et al. Thyroid cancer risks in areas of Ukraine and Belarus affected by the Chernobyl accident. Radiat Res. 2006;165:1–8
  12. Kopecky KJ, Stephanenko V, Rivkind N, et al. Childhood thyroid cancer, radiation dose from Chernobyl, and dose uncertainties in Bryansk Oblast, Russia: A population-based case-control study. Radiat Res. 2006;166:367–374
  13. Likhtarov I, Kovgan L, Vavilov S, et al. Post-Chernobyl thyroid cancers in Ukraine, Report 2: Risk analysis. Radiat Res. 2006;166:375–386
  14. Tronko MD, Howe GR, Bogdanova TI, et al. A cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chernobyl accident: Thyroid cancer in Ukraine detected during first screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:897–903
  15. NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements). Report No. 80 Induction of Thyroid Cancer by Ionizing Radiation. Bethesda, MD: NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement; 1985;
  16. Ron E, Lubin JH, Shore RE, et al. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: A pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat Res. 1995;141:259–277
  17. Davis S, Kopecky KJ, Hamilton TE, et al. Thyroid neoplasia, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism in persons exposed to iodine 131 from the Hanford nuclear site. JAMA. 2004;2600–2613
  18. Lyon JL, Alder SC, Stone MB, et al. Thyroid disease associated with exposure to the Nevada Nuclear Weapons Test Site radiation. Epidemiology. 2006;17:604–614
  19. NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement). Report No. 136 Evaluation of the Linear-Nonthreshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement; 2001;
  20. Boice JD, Lubin JH. Lung cancer risks: Comparing radiation with tobacco. Radiat Res. 1996;146:356–357
  21. Preston DL, Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, et al. Studies of Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors (Report 13: Solid Cancer and Noncancer Disease Mortality: 1950-1997). Radiat Res. 2003;160:381–407
  22. Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, Preston DL, et al. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors (Report 12, Part II. Noncancer mortality: 1950-1990). Radiat Res. 1999;152:374–389
  23. Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Ashmore P, et al. Mortality from diseases other than cancer following low doses of ionizing radiation: Results from the 15-Country Study of nuclear industry workers. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36:1126–1135
  24. Feinendegen LE. Evidence for beneficial low level radiation effects and radiation hormesis. Br J Radiol. 2005;78:3–7
  25. Azzam EI, Little JB. The radiation-induced bystander effect: Evidence and significance. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2004;23:61–65

PII: S0001-2998(08)00072-X

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.05.006

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 392-402 , September 2008