« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 6
, Pages 404-411
, November 2008
Pulmonary Embolism: A Clinician's Perspective
References
- The Worcester Venous Thromboembolism Study (A population-based study of the clinical epidemiology of venous thromboembolism). J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:722–727
- A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (The Worcester study). Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:933–938
- Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A 25-year population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:585–593
- . Autopsy-verified venous thromboembolism within a defined urban population—the city of Malmo, Sweden. APMIS. 1998;106:378–384
- . Pulmonary embolism as a cause of death. JAMA. 1986;255:2039–2042
- . Acute pulmonary embolism: Clinical outcomes in the international cooperative pulmonary embolism registry (ICOPER). Lancet. 1999;353:1386–1389
- Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:809–815
- Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: A population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1245–1248
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism at a large teaching hospital. J Thorac Imaging. 1994;9:180–184
- Factors associated with the timing of diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: Results from the MASTER registry. Thromb Res. 2008;121:751–756
- Appropriateness of diagnostic management and outcomes of suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:157–164
- Active implementation of a consensus strategy improves diagnosis and management in suspected pulmonary embolism. QJM. 2000;93:335–340
- . Pulmonary embolism mortality in the United States, 1979-1998 (An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data). Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1711–1717
- Use of a clinical model for safe management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:997–1005
- Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: Management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and D-dimer. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:98–107
- Assessing clinical probability of pulmonary embolism in the emergency ward: A simple score. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:92–97
- Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:165–171
- . Accuracy of clinical decision rule, D-dimer and spiral computed tomography in patients with malignancy, previous venous thromboembolism, COPD or heart failure and in older patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:1042–1046
- . Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA. 2006;295:172–179
- Assessment of pretest probability of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department by physicians in training using the Wells model. Thromb Res. 2007;120:173–179
- Simple and safe exclusion of pulmonary embolism in outpatients using quantitative D-dimer and Wells' simplified decision rule. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97:146–150
- Quantitative high D-dimer value is predictive of pulmonary embolism occurrence independently of clinical score in a well-defined low risk factor population. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:93–99
- Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: A randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1343–1352
- Impact of a rapid rule-out protocol for pulmonary embolism on the rate of screening, missed cases, and pulmonary vascular imaging in an urban US emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:490–502
- Clinical criteria to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:1247–1255
- . Venous thromboembolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1–14
- . Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism (Results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED)). JAMA. 1990;263:2753–2759
- Comparison of two clinical prediction rules and implicit assessment among patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Med. 2002;113:269–275
- Comparison of the unstructured clinician estimate of pretest probability for pulmonary embolism to the Canadian score and the Charlotte rule: A prospective observational study. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:587–593
- . Emergency physician assessment of the pretest probability of pulmonary embolism. (abstr) Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:437
- Does a physician's ability to accurately assess the likelihood of pulmonary embolism increase with training?. Acad Med. 2000;75:1199–1205
- . Where do pretest probabilities come from?. ACP J Club. 1999;4:68–69
- The interobserver reliability of pretest probability assessment in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2005;116:101–107
- Prospective validation of Wells criteria in the evaluation of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:503–510
- Further validation and simplification of the Wells clinical decision rule in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2008;99:229–234
- Neither baseline tests of molecular hypercoagulability nor D-dimer levels predict deep venous thrombosis in critically ill medical-surgical patients. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:48–55
- . Excluding pulmonary embolism with computed tomographic pulmonary angiography or ventilation-perfusion lung scanning (Letter in reply). JAMA. 2008;299:1664–1665
- An evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:812–821
- Ruling out clinically suspected pulmonary embolism by assessment of clinical probability and D-dimer levels: A management study. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89:97–103
- Multidetector-row computed tomography in suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1760–1768
- Management of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) by D-dimer and multi-slice computed tomography in outpatients: An outcome study. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1926–1932
- Pulmonary embolism: Prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology. 1997;205:447–452
- A positive compression ultrasonography of the lower limb veins is highly predictive of pulmonary embolism on computed tomography in suspected patients. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:963–966
- Complications and validity of pulmonary angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Circulation. 1992;85:462–468
- Pulmonary angiography performed with iopamidol: Complications in 1,434 patients. Radiology. 1996;198:61–65
- . Continuing risk of thromboemboli among patients with normal pulmonary angiograms. Chest. 1995;107:1375–1378
- Pulmonary angiography, ventilation lung scanning, and venography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism with abnormal perfusion lung scan. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:891–899
- Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet. 1999;353:190–195
- Ventilation-perfusion scanning and helical CT in suspected pulmonary embolism: Meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Radiology. 2005;234:740–748
- Detection of pulmonary embolism in patients with unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis: Helical CT versus angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:1369–1374
- High incidence of isolated subsegmental pulmonary emboli on multi-slice spiral CT: A comparative clinical study. Thromb Haemost. 2006;95:914–915
- . Clinicians' response to radiologists' reports of isolated subsegmental pulmonary embolism or inconclusive interpretation of pulmonary embolism using MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:623–628
- . An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philos Trans R Soc Lon. 1763;53:370–418
- . A new noninvasive management strategy for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2549–2555
- Incidental detection of pulmonary emboli on routine MDCT of the chest. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:264–267
- Unsuspected pulmonary embolism: Prospective detection on routine helical CT scans. Radiology. 1998;208:209–215
- Impact of reliance on CT Pulmonary Angiography on diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: A Bayesian analysis. J Hosp Med. 2006;1:81–87
- Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2317–2327
- . Reassessment of pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Relation of interpreter agreement to the order of the involved Pulmonary Arterial Branch. Radiology. 1999;210:689–691
- Contrast-Enhanced Helical CT for pulmonary embolism detection: Inter and intraobserver agreement among radiologists with variable experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:107–112
- Suspected acute pulmonary embolism: Evaluation with multi-detector row CT versus digital subtraction pulmonary arteriography. Radiology. 2004;233:806–815
- American College of Radiology white paper on radiation dose in medicine. J Am Coll Radiol. 2007;4:272–284
- Female breast radiation exposure during CT pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185:1228–1233
- . Radiation from CT and perfusion scanning in pregnancy. BMJ. 2005;331:350
- . Managing patient dose in computed tomography (A report of the International Commission on Radiological Protection). Ann ICRP. 2000;30:7–45
- . Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Ann ICRP. 1998;28:1–126
- . Estimating risk of cancer associated with radiation exposure from 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography. JAMA. 2007;298:317–323
- . Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277–2284
- Imaging the pregnant patient for nonobstetric conditions: Algorithms and radiation dose considerations. Radiographics. 2007;27:1705–1722
- . Radiation exposures to patients from CT: Reality, public perception, and policy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:285–287
- Pulmonary embolism in pregnant patients: A survey of practices and policies for CT pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1495–1498
- Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186:871–876
- Diagnosing pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: Rationalizing fetal radiation exposure in radiological procedures. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:1857–1858
- CT venography and compression sonography are diagnostically equivalent: Data from PIOPED II. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:1071–1076
- Venous thromboembolism: Indirect CT venography during CT pulmonary angiography—should the pelvis be imaged?. Radiology. 2008;246:605–611
- Routine pelvic and lower extremity CT venography in patients undergoing pulmonary CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:322–326
- . Combined computed tomographic (CT)-angiography and indirect CT-venography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: Is more scanning better?. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97:501–502
- . Nephropathy induced by contrast media: Pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ. 2005;17:1461–1471
- . Contrast nephropathy following computed tomography angiography of the chest for pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:50–54
- . Dalteparin in emergency patients to prevent admission prior to investigation for venous thromboembolism. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:11–14
- . Cost-minimization analysis of two algorithms for diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2004;113:275–282
- Influence of age on the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies for suspected pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:1869–1877
P.S.W. is the recipient of a Canada Research Chair in Thromboembolic Diseases.
PII: S0001-2998(08)00081-0
doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.06.004
© 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 38, Issue 6
, Pages 404-411
, November 2008
