Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 1 , Pages 11-26 , January 2009

Future Diagnostic Agents

  • Filip Gemmel, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, KCL, Medical Center, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Filip Gemmel, MD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, KCL, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Borniastraat 34, 8934 AD Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
    • ,
  • Nicolas Dumarey, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Regionaal Ziekenhuis Sint-Maria, Halle, and Université Libre de Bruxelles–Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
    • ,
  • Mick Welling, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Preclinical Research & Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands

References 

  1. Rennen HJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, van Eerd JE, et al. 99mTc-labeled interleukin-8 for scintigraphic detection of pulmonary infections. Chest. 2004;126:1954–1961
  2. Mahfouz T, Miceli MH, Saghafifar F, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography contributes to the diagnosis and management of infections in patients with multiple myeloma: A study of 165 infectious episodes. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7857–7863
  3. Gemmel F, Dumarey N, Palestro CJ. Radionuclide imaging of spinal infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1226–1237
  4. Bleeker-Rovers CP, Vos FJ, de Kleijn EM, et al. A prospective multicenter study on fever of unknown origin: the yield of a structured diagnostic protocol. Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;86:26–38
  5. Sampedro MF, Patel R. Infections associated with long-term prosthetic devices. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2007;21:785–819
  6. Gold RH, Hawkins RA, Katz RD. Bacterial osteomyelitis: Findings on plain radiography, CT, MR, and scintigraphy. Am J Roentgenol. 1991;157:365–370
  7. Wing VW, Jeffrey RB, Federle MP, et al. Chronic osteomyelitis examined by CT. Radiology. 1985;154:171–174
  8. Struk DW, Munk PL, Lee MT, et al. Imaging of soft tissue infections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001;39:277–303
  9. Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Diagnostic imaging tests and microbial infections. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9:2323–2333
  10. Rusckowski M, Gupta S, Liu G, et al. Investigations of a (99m)Tc-labeled bacteriophage as a potential infection-specific imaging agent. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1201–1208
  11. Rubin RH, Young LS, Hansen WP, et al. Specific and nonspecific imaging of localized Fisher immunotype 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody. J Nucl Med. 1988;29:651–656
  12. Widmer A. New developments in diagnosis and treatment of infection in orthopedic implants. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;33:94–106
  13. Fischman AJ, Babich JW, Strauss HW. A ticket to ride—peptide radiopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:2253–2263
  14. Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, Corstens FH, et al. Liposomes for scintigraphic imaging: optimization of in vivo behavior. Q J Nucl Med. 1998;42:271–279
  15. Samuel A, Paganelli G, Chiesa R, et al. Detection of prosthetic vascular graft infection using avidin/indium-111-biotin scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:55–61
  16. Rusckowski M, Paganelli G, Hnatowich DJ, et al. Imaging osteomyelitis with streptavidin and indium-111-labeled biotin. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1655–1662
  17. Vinjamuri S, Hall AV, Solanki KK, et al. Comparison of 99mTc infection imaging with radiolabeled white-cell imaging in the evaluation of bacterial infection. Lancet. 1996;347:233–235
  18. de Winter F, Van de Wiele C, Dumont F, et al. Biodistribution and dosimetry of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin, a promising agent for the diagnosis of bacterial infection. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:570–574
  19. de Winter F, Vogelaers D, Gemmel F, et al. Promising role of 18-F-fluoro-D-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in clinical infectious diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:247–257
  20. Lupetti A, Welling MM, Pauwels EK, et al. Radiolabeled antimicrobial peptides for infection detection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:223–229
  21. Kumar V. Radiolabeled white blood cells and direct targeting of micro-organisms for infection imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;49:325–338
  22. Peters AM. The utility of [99mTc]HMPAO-leukocytes for imaging infection. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:110–127
  23. Becker W, Goldenberg DM, Wolf F. The use of monoclonal-antibodies and antibody fragments in the imaging of infectious lesions. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:142–153
  24. Wanahita A, Villeda C, Kutka N, et al. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the radionuclide (indium)-labeled leukocyte scan. J Infect. 2007;55:214–219
  25. Chianelli M, Mather SJ, Martin-Comin J, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals for the study of inflammatory processes: A review. Nucl Med Commun. 1997;18:437–455
  26. Rennen HJJM, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, et al. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:241–252
  27. Boerman OC, Rennen H, Oyen WJG, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals to image infection and inflammation. Semin Nucl Med. 2001;31:286–295
  28. Buscombe JR. The future of infection imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:99–103
  29. Peters AM. The use of nuclear medicine in infections. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:252–261
  30. Tulchinsky M, Peters AM. Leukocyte receptor-binding radiopharmaceuticals for infection and inflammation scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:718–721
  31. Holmes WE, Lee J, Kuang WJ, et al. Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science. 1991;253:1278–1280
  32. Lee J, Horuk R, Rice GC, et al. Characterization of two high affinity human interleukin-8 receptors. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:16283–16287
  33. Patel L, Charlton SJ, Chambers JK, et al. Expression and functional analysis of chemokine receptors in human peripheral blood leukocyte populations. Cytokine. 2001;14:27–36
  34. Bleeker-Rovers CP, Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, et al. 99mTc-labeled interleukin 8 for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation: first clinical evaluation. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:337–343
  35. Yokomizo T, Izumi T, Chang K, et al. A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis. Nature. 1997;387:620–624
  36. van Eerd JE, Boerman OC, Corstens FH, et al. Radiolabeled chemotactic cytokines: new agents for scintigraphic imaging of infection and inflammation. Q J Nucl Med. 2003;47:246–255
  37. van Eerd JE, Oyen WJ, Harris TD, et al. Scintigraphic imaging of infectious foci with an 111In-LTB4 antagonist is based on in vivo labeling of granulocytes. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:786–793
  38. Brouwers AH, Laverman P, Boerman OC, et al. A 99Tcm-labeled leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist for scintigraphic detection of infection in rabbits. Nucl Med Commun. 2000;21:1043–1050
  39. van Eerd JE, Oyen WJ, Harris TD, et al. A bivalent leukotriene B(4) antagonist for scintigraphic imaging of infectious foci. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1087–1091
  40. van Eerd JE, Rennen HJ, Oyen WJ, et al. Scintigraphic detection of pulmonary aspergillosis in rabbits with a radiolabeled leukotriene b4 antagonist. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1747–1753
  41. van Eerd JE, Broekema M, Harris TD, et al. Imaging of infection and inflammation with an improved 99mTc-labeled LTB4 antagonist. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1546–1551
  42. Ozker K, Urgancioglu I. 99mTc-gentamicin: Chemical and biological evaluation. Eur J Nucl Med. 1981;6:173–176
  43. Prokesch RC, Hand WL. Antibiotic entry into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982;21:373–380
  44. Fischman AJ, Alpert NM, Livni E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 18F-labeled fluconazole in rabbits with candidal infections studied with positron emission tomography. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;259:1351–1359
  45. Ercan MT, Aras T, Unsal IS. Evaluation of 99mTc-erythromycin and 99mTc-streptomycin sulphate for the visualization of inflammatory lesions. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 1992;19:803–806
  46. Britton KE, Vinjamuri S, Hall AV, et al. Clinical evaluation of technetium-99m infection for the localisation of bacterial infection. Eur J Nucl Med. 1997;24:553–556
  47. Hall AV, Solanki KK, Vinjamuri S, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of 99mTc-Infecton, a novel agent for detecting sites of infection. J Clin Pathol. 1998;51:215–219
  48. Britton KE, Wareham DW, Das SS, et al. Imaging bacterial infection with (99m)Tc-ciprofloxacin (Infecton). J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:817–823
  49. Das SS, Hall AV, Wareham DW, et al. Infection imaging with radiopharmaceuticals in the 21(st) century. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2002;45:25–37
  50. Gemmel F, de Winter F, Van Laere K, et al. 99mTc ciprofloxacin imaging for the diagnosis of infection in the postoperative spine. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25:277–283
  51. Dumarey N, Blocklet D, Appelboom T, et al. Infecton is not specific for bacterial osteo-articular infective pathology. Eur J Nucl Med. 2002;29:530–535
  52. Sarda L, Cremieux AC, Lebellec Y, et al. Inability of 99mTc-ciprofloxacin scintigraphy to discriminate between septic and sterile osteoarticular diseases. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:920–926
  53. Alexander K, Drost WT, Mattoon JS, et al. Binding of ciprofloxacin labeled with technetium Tc 99m versus 99mTc-pertechnetate to a live and killed equine isolate of Escherichia coil. Can J Vet Res. 2005;69:272–277
  54. Welling M, Stokkel M, Balter J, et al. The many roads to infection imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:848–849
  55. Siaens RH, Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, et al. Synthesis and Comparison of 99mTc-Enrofloxacin and 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:2088–2094
  56. Brunner M, Langer O, Dobrozemsky G, et al. [18F]Ciprofloxacin, a new positron emission tomography tracer for noninvasive assessment of the tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:3850–3857
  57. Zijlstra S, Gunawan J, Freytag C, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorine-18 labeled compounds for imaging of bacterial infections with pet. Appl Radiat Isot. 2006;64:802–807
  58. Langer O, Brunner M, Zeitlinger M, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [(18)F]ciprofloxacin for the imaging of bacterial infections with PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:143–150
  59. Skehan SJ, White JF, Evans JW, et al. Mechanism of accumulation of 99mTc-sulesomab in inflammation. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:11–18
  60. Benitez A, Roca M, Martin-Comin J. Labeling of antibiotics for infection diagnosis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:147–152
  61. Lupetti A, Welling MM, Pauwels EK, et al. Detection of fungal infections using radiolabeled antifungal agents. Curr Drug Targets. 2005;6:945–954
  62. Lupetti A, Welling MM, Mazzi U, et al. Technetium-99m labeled fluconazole and antimicrobial peptides for imaging of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:674–679
  63. Siaens R, Eijsink VG, Dierckx R, et al. (123)I-Labeled chitinase as specific radioligand for in vivo detection of fungal infections in mice. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1209–1216
  64. Siaens R, Eijsink VG, Vaaje-Kolstad G, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of a 99mTechnetium labeled chitin-binding protein as potential specific radioligand for the detection of fungal infections in mice. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:155–166
  65. Singh AK, Bhatnagar A, et al. Tc-99m-labelled sparfloxacin: A specific infection imaging agent. World J Nucl Med. 2003;2:103–109
  66. Singh AK, Verma I, Bhatnagar A, et al. Tc-99m isoniazid: A specific agent for diagnosis of tuberculosis. World J Nucl Med. 2003;2:292–305
  67. Akhtar MS, Qaisar A, Irfanullah J, et al. Antimicrobial peptide 99mTc-ubiquicidin 29-41 as human infection-imaging agent: clinical trial. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:567–573
  68. Nibbering PH, Welling MM, van den Broek PJ, et al. Radiolabeled antimicrobial peptides for imaging of infections: A review. Nucl Med Commun. 1998;19:1117–1121
  69. Welling MM, Hiemstra PS, van den Barselaar MT, et al. Antibacterial activity of human neutrophil defensins in experimental infections in mice is accompanied by increased leukocyte accumulation. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1583–1590
  70. Welling MM, Nibbering PH, Paulusma-Annema A, et al. Imaging of bacterial infections with 99mTc-labeled human neutrophil peptide-1. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:2073–2080
  71. Welling MM, Paulusma-Annema A, Balter HS, et al. Technetium-99m: Labeled antimicrobial peptides discriminate between bacterial infections and sterile inflammations. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:292–301
  72. Welling MM, Lupetti A, Balter HS, et al. 99mTc-labeled antimicrobial peptides for detection of bacterial and Candida albicans infections. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:788–794
  73. Lupetti A, Nibbering PH, Welling MM, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals: New antimicrobial agents. Trends Biotechnol. 2003;21:70–73
  74. Ferro-Flores G, Arteaga dM, Pedraza-Lopez M, et al. In vitro and in vivo assessment of 99mTc-UBI specificity for bacteria. Nucl Med Biol. 2003;30:597–603
  75. Akhtar MS, Iqbal J, Khan MA, et al. 99mTc-labeled antimicrobial peptide ubiquicidin (29-41) accumulates less in Escherichia coli infection than in Staphylococcus aureus infection. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:849–856
  76. Sarda-Mantel L, Saleh-Mghir A, Welling MM, et al. Evaluation of (99m)Tc-UBI 29-41 scintigraphy for specific detection of experimental Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic joint infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1302–1309
  77. Melendez-Alafort L, Rodriguez-Cortes J, Ferro-Flores G, et al. Biokinetics of (99m)Tc-UBI 29-41 in humans. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:373–379
  78. Nibbering PH, Welling MM, Paulusma-Annema A, et al. 99mTc-Labeled UBI 29-41 peptide for monitoring the efficacy of antibacterial agents in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:321–326
  79. Akhtar MS, Khan ME, Khan B, et al. An imaging analysis of (99m)Tc-UBI (29-41) uptake in S. aureus infected thighs of rabbits on ciprofloxacin treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:1056–1064
  80. Welling MM, Mongera S, Lupetti A, et al. Radiochemical and biological characteristics of 99mTc-UBI 29-41 for imaging of bacterial infections. Nucl Med Biol. 2002;29:413–422
  81. Salber D, Gunawan J, Langen KJ, et al. Comparison of 99mTc- and 18F-ubiquicidin autoradiography to anti-Staphylococcus aureus Immunofluorescence in rat muscle abscesses. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:995–999
  82. Rusckowski M, Gupta S, Liu G, et al. Investigation of four (99m)Tc-labeled bacteriophages for infection-specific imaging. Nucl Med Biol. 2008;35:433–440
  83. de Winter F, van de Wiele C, Vogelaers D, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-position emission tomography: A highly accurate imaging modality for the diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A:651–660
  84. de Winter F, Gemmel F, Van de Wiele C, et al. 18-fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of infection in the postoperative spine. Spine. 2003;28:1314–1319
  85. Hartmann A, Eid K, Dora C, et al. Diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in trauma patients with suspected chronic osteomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:704–714
  86. Hoffman JM, Waskin HA, Schifter T, et al. FDG-PET in differentiating lymphoma from nonmalignant central-nervous-system lesions in patients with AIDS. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:567–575
  87. O'Doherty MJ, Barrington SF, Campbell M, et al. PET scanning and the human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1575–1583
  88. Mochizuki T, Tsukamoto E, Kuge Y, et al. FDG uptake and glucose transporter subtype expressions in experimental tumor and inflammation models. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1551–1555
  89. Paik JY, Lee KH, Choe YS, et al. Augmented 18F-FDG uptake in activated monocytes occurs during the priming process and involves tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:124–128
  90. Kaim AH, Weber B, Kurrer MO, et al. Autoradiographic quantification of 18F-FDG uptake in experimental soft-tissue abscesses in rats. Radiology. 2002;223:446–451
  91. Rini JN, Palestro CJ. Imaging of infection and inflammation with 18F-FDG-labeled leukocytes. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:143–146
  92. Keidar Z, Militianu D, Melamed E, et al. The diabetic foot: Initial experience with 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:444–449
  93. Strobel K, Stumpe KD. PET/CT in musculoskeletal infection. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:353–364
  94. Keidar Z, Engel A, Hoffman A, et al. Prosthetic vascular graft infection: The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1230–1236
  95. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: CMS Denies new PET coverage for infection, inflammation. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:P16
  96. Zhuang H, Pourdehnad M, Lambright ES, et al. Dual time point 18F-FDG PET imaging for differentiating malignant from inflammatory processes. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1412–1417
  97. Koort JK, Makinen TJ, Knuuti J, et al. Comparative 18F-FDG PET of experimental Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and normal bone healing. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1406–1411
  98. Sahlmann CO, Siefker U, Lehmann K, et al. Dual time point 2-[18F]fluoro-2′-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in chronic bacterial osteomyelitis. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25:819–823
  99. Jones-Jackson L, Walker R, Purnell G, et al. Early detection of bone infection and differentiation from post-surgical inflammation using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in an animal model. J Orthop Res. 2005;23:1484–1489
  100. Dumarey N, Egrise D, Blocklet D, et al. Imaging infection with 18F-FDG-labeled leukocyte PET/CT: initial experience in 21 patients. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:625–632
  101. Rini JN, Bhargava KK, Tronco GG, et al. PET with FDG-labeled leukocytes versus scintigraphy with 111In-oxine-labeled leukocytes for detection of infection. Radiology. 2006;238:978–987
  102. Osman S, Danpure HJ. The use of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose as a potential in vitro agent for labeling human granulocytes for clinical studies by positron emission tomography. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B. 1992;19:183–190
  103. Forstrom LA, Mullan BP, Hung JC, et al. 18F-FDG labeling of human leukocytes. Nucl Med Commun. 2000;21:691–694
  104. Forstrom LA, Dunn WL, Mullan BP, et al. Biodistribution and dosimetry of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose labeled leukocytes in normal human subjects. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23:721–725
  105. Pellegrino D, Bonab AA, Dragotakes SC, et al. Inflammation and infection: Imaging properties of 18F-FDG-labeled white blood cells versus 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1522–1530
  106. Lankinen P, Makinen TJ, Poyhonen TA, et al. (68)Ga-DOTAVAP-P1 PET imaging capable of demonstrating the phase of inflammation in healing bones and the progress of infection in osteomyelitic bones. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:352–364
  107. Makinen TJ, Lankinen P, Poyhonen T, et al. Comparison of 18F-FDG and 68Ga PET imaging in the assessment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:1259–1268
  108. Wyss MT, Honer M, Spath N, et al. Influence of ceftriaxone treatment on FDG uptake—an in vivo [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose imaging study in soft tissue infections in rats. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:875–882
  109. de Vries EF, Buursma AR, Hospers GA, et al. Scintigraphic imaging of HSVtk gene therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8:1435–1450
  110. Bettegowda C, Foss CA, Cheong I, et al. Imaging bacterial infections with radiolabeled 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil. PNAS. 2005;102:1145–1150
  111. Diaz LA, Foss CA, Thornton K, et al. Imaging of musculoskeletal bacterial infections by [124I]FIAU-PET/CT. PLoS ONE. 2007;10(2):e1007
  112. Chitneni SK, Deroose CM, Balzarini J, et al. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 18F- or 11C-labeled bicyclic nucleoside analogues as potential probes for imaging varicella-zoster virus thymidine kinase gene expression using positron emission tomography. J Med Chem. 2007;50:1041–1049
  113. Buursma AR, de Vries EF, Garssen J, et al. [18F]FHPG positron emission tomography for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in experimental HSV encephalitis. J Virol. 2005;79:7721–7727
  114. Corstens FH, van der Meer JW. Nuclear medicine's role in infection and inflammation. Lancet. 1999;354:765–770
  115. Oyen WJ, Corstens FH, Boerman OC. Discriminating infection from sterile inflammation: can radiolabeled antibiotics solve the problem?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:151–152
  116. Palestro CJ, Love C. Radionuclide imaging of musculoskeletal infection: Conventional agents. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:335–352
  117. Signore A, Chianelli M, D'Alessandria C, et al. Receptor targeting agents for imaging inflammation/infection: Where are we now?. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:236–242
  118. Becker W, Meller J. The role of nuclear medicine in infection and inflammation. Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1:326–333

PII: S0001-2998(08)00102-5

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.08.005

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 1 , Pages 11-26 , January 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution