Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 4 , Pages 264-275 , July 2009

Hybrid Imaging (SPECT/CT and PET/CT)—Improving the Diagnostic Accuracy of Functional/Metabolic and Anatomic Imaging

  • Einat Even-Sapir, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Einat Even-Sapir, MD, PhD, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
    • ,
  • Zohar Keidar, MD, DSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
    • ,
  • Rachel Bar-Shalom, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel

References 

  1. Zaidi H, Hasegawa BH. Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:291–315
  2. Townsend DW, Beyer T, Blodgett TM. PET/CT scanners: A hardware approach to image fusion. Semin Nucl Med. 2003;33:193–204
  3. Seo Y, Wong KH, Sun M, et al. Correction of photon attenuation and collimator response for a body-contouring SPECT/CT imaging system. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:868–877
  4. DePuey EG. How to detect and avoid myocardial perfusion SPECT artifacts. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:699–702
  5. DePuey EG, Garcia EV. Optimal specificity of thallium-201 SPECT through recognition of imaging artifacts. J Nucl Med. 1989;30:441–449
  6. O'Connor MK, Kemp B, Anstett F, et al. A multicenter evaluation of commercial attenuation compensation techniques in cardiac SPECT using phantom models. J Nucl Cardiol. 2002;9:361–376
  7. Garcia EV. SPECT attenuation correction: An essential tool to realize nuclear cardiology's manifest destiny. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:16–24
  8. Fricke H, Fricke E, Weise R, et al. A method to remove artifacts in attenuation-corrected myocardial perfusion SPECT Introduced by misalignment between emission scan and CT-derived attenuation maps. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1619–1625
  9. Goetze S, Brown TL, Lavely WC, et al. Attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT/CT: Effects of misregistration and value of reregistration. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1090–1095
  10. Goetze S, Wahl RL. Prevalence of misregistration between SPECT and CT for attenuation-corrected myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:200–206
  11. Ruf J, Steffen I, Mehl S, et al. Influence of attenuation correction by integrated low-dose CT on somatostatin receptor SPECT. Nucl Med Commun. 2007;28:782–788
  12. Ruf J, Seehofer D, Denecke T, et al. Impact of image fusion and attenuation correction by SPECT-CT on the scintigraphic detection of parathyroid adenomas. Nuklearmedizin. 2007;46:15–21
  13. Kostakoglu L, Hardoff R, Mirtcheva R, et al. PET-CT fusion imaging in differentiating physiologic from pathologic FDG uptake. Radiographics. 2004;24:1411–1431
  14. Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Flusser G, et al. Assessment of malignant skeletal disease: Initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:272–278
  15. Townsend DW. Dual-modality imaging: Combining anatomy and function. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:938–955
  16. Wahl RL. To AC or not to AC: That is the question. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:2025–2028
  17. Cohade C, Osman M, Leal J, et al. Direct comparison of (18)F-FDG PET and PET/CT in patients with colorectal carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1797–1803
  18. Zaidi H. Is radionuclide transmission scanning obsolete for dual-modality PET/CT systems?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:815–818
  19. Bai C, Kinahan PE, Brasse D, et al. An analytic study of the effects of attenuation on tumor detection in whole-body PET oncology imaging. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1855–1861
  20. Belhocine TZ, Scott AM, Even-Sapir E, et al. Role of nuclear medicine in the management of cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:957–967
  21. van der Ploeg IM, Olmos RA, Kroon BB, et al. The hidden sentinel node and SPECT/CT in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:6–11
  22. Lerman H, Lievshitz G, Zak O, et al. Improved sentinel node identification by SPECT/CT in overweight patients with breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:201–206
  23. Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Lievshitz G, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid SPECT/CT system. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1413–1420
  24. Khafif A, Schneebaum S, Fliss DM, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node mapping using a hybrid single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT system in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2006;28:874–879
  25. Bilde A, Von Buchwald C, Mortensen J, et al. The role of SPECT-CT in the lymphoscintigraphic identification of sentinel nodes in patients with oral cancer. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006;126:1096–1103
  26. Keski-Santti H, Mätzke S, Kauppinen T, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping using SPECT-CT fusion imaging in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;263:1008–1012
  27. Wagner A, Schicho K, Glaser C, et al. SPECT-CT for topographic mapping of sentinel lymph nodes prior to gamma probe-guided biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2004;32:343–349
  28. Metser U, Even-Sapir E. Increased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in benign, nonphysiologic lesions found on whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT): Accumulated data from four years of experience with PET/CT. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:206–222
  29. Lerman H, Metser U, Lievshitz G, et al. Lymphoscintigraphic sentinel node identification in patients with breast cancer: The role of SPECT-CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:329–337
  30. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, et al. Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:539–553
  31. Hillel PG, van Beek EJ, Taylor C, et al. The clinical impact of a combined gamma camera/CT imaging system on somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Radiol. 2006;61:579–587
  32. Castaldi P, Rufini V, Treglia G, et al. Impact of 111In-DTPA-octreotide SPECT/CT fusion images in the management of neuroendocrine tumours. Radiol Med. 2008;113:1056–1067
  33. Roach PJ, Schembri GP, Ho Shon IA, et al. SPECT/CT imaging using a spiral CT scanner for anatomical localization: Impact on diagnostic accuracy and reporter confidence in clinical practice. Nucl Med Commun. 2006;27:977–987
  34. Schillaci O. Functional-anatomical image fusion in neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2004;19:129–134
  35. Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Endocrine neoplasm scintigraphy: Added value of fusing SPECT/CT images compared with traditional side-by-side analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2006;31:665–672
  36. Ameri P, Gatto F, Arvigo M, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in thoracic diseases. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30:889–902
  37. Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, et al. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:998–1004
  38. Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan I, et al. SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with 111In-pentetreotide in assessment of neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;59:565–573
  39. Perri M, Erba P, Volterrani D, et al. Octreo-SPECT/CT imaging for accurate detection and localization of suspected neuroendocrine tumors. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;52:323–333
  40. Pfannenberg AC, Eschmann SM, Horger M, et al. Benefit of anatomical-functional image fusion in the diagnostic work-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:835–843
  41. Franzius C, Hermann K, Weckesser M, et al. Whole-body PET/CT with 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine in tumors of the sympathetic nervous system: Feasibility study and comparison with 123I-MIBG SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1635–1642
  42. Avram AM, Fig LM, Gross MD. Adrenal gland scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36:212–227
  43. Hasegawa BH, Iwata K, Wong KH, et al. Dual-modality imaging of function and physiology. Acad Radiol. 2002;9:1305–1321
  44. Chen L, Luo Q, Shen Y, et al. Incremental value of 131I SPECT/CT in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1952–1957
  45. Ruf J, Lehmkuhl L, Bertram H, et al. Impact of SPECT and integrated low-dose CT after radioiodine therapy on the management of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25:1177–1182
  46. Tharp K, Israel O, Hausmann J, et al. Impact of 131I-SPECT/CT images obtained with an integrated system in the follow-up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:1435–1442
  47. Aide N, Lehembre E, Gervais R, et al. Unusual intratracheal metastasis of differentiated thyroid cancer accurately depicted by SPECT/CT acquisition after radioiodine ablation. Thyroidology. 2007;17:1305–1306
  48. Rachinsky I, Driedger A. Iodine-131 uptake in a menstruating uterus: Value of SPECT/CT in distinguishing benign and metastatic iodine-positive lesions. Thyroidology. 2007;17:901–902
  49. Sakahara H, Yamashita S, Suzuki K, et al. Visualization of nasolacrimal drainage system after radioiodine therapy in patients with thyroid cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 2007;21:525–527
  50. von Falck C, Beer G, Gratz KF, et al. Renal metastases from follicular thyroid cancer on SPECT/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32:751–752
  51. Wong KK, Avram AM. Posttherapy I-131 thymic uptake demonstrated with SPECT/CT in a young girl with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroidology. 2008;18:919–920
  52. Macdonald W, Armstrong J. Benign struma ovarii in a patient with invasive papillary thyroid cancer: Detection with I-131 SPECT-CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2007;32:380–382
  53. Gayed IW, Kim EE, Broussard WF, et al. The value of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT over conventional SPECT in the evaluation of parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:248–252
  54. Harris L, Yoo J, Driedger A, et al. Accuracy of technetium-99m SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas. Head Neck. 2008;30:509–517
  55. Krausz Y, Bettman L, Guralnik L, et al. Technetium-99m-MIBI SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2006;30:76–83
  56. Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, et al. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase (99m)Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1084–1089
  57. Papathanassiou D, Flament JB, Pochart JM, et al. SPECT/CT in localization of parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia in patients with previous neck surgery. Clin Nucl Med. 2008;33:394–397
  58. Bar-Shalom R, Keidar Z, Krausz Y. Prospective image fusion—The role of SPECT/CT and PET/CT hybrid systems. In:  Henkin RE,  Bova D editor. Textbook of Nuclear Medicine. (ed 2). Philadelphia: Elsevier Science; 2006;p. 1527–1544
  59. Bybel B, Brunken RC, DiFilippo FP, et al. SPECT/CT imaging: Clinical utility of an emerging technology. Radiographics. 2008;28:1097–1113
  60. Seo Y, Franc BL, Hawkins RA, et al. Progress in SPECT/CT imaging of prostate cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2006;5:329–336
  61. Ellis RJ, Zhou EH, Fu P, et al. Single photon emission computerized tomography with capromab pendetide plus computerized tomography image set co-registration independently predicts biochemical failure. J Urol. 2008;179:1768–1773discussion 1773-1774
  62. Ellis RJ, Kaminsky DA. Fused radioimmunoscintigraphy for treatment planning. Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 1):S11–S19
  63. Ellis RJ, Zhou H, Kim EY, et al. Biochemical disease-free survival rates following definitive low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy with dose escalation to biologic target volumes identified with SPECT/CT capromab pendetide. Brachytherapy. 2007;6:16–25
  64. Buck AK, Nekolla S, Ziegler S, et al. SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1305–1319
  65. Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Diagnostic imaging tests and microbial infections. Cell Microbiol. 2007;9:2323–2333
  66. Filippi L, Schillaci O. SPECT/CT with a hybrid camera: A new imaging modality for the functional anatomical mapping of infections. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2006;3:699–703
  67. Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, et al. SPECT/CT using 67Ga and 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for diagnosis of infection. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:587–594
  68. Filippi L, Schillaci O. Usefulness of hybrid SPECT/CT in 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for bone and joint infections. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1908–1913
  69. Horger M, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT in patients suspected of having bone infection: Preliminary results. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:211–221
  70. Ingui CJ, Shah NP, Oates ME. Infection scintigraphy: Added value of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography fusion compared with traditional analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31:375–380
  71. Slart RH, Koopmans KP, Gunneweg P, et al. Persistent aseptic meningitis due to post-surgical spinal CSF leakage: Value of fused (111m)In-DTPA SPECT-CT cisternography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:856
  72. Branstetter BF4th, Blodgett TM, Zimmer LA, et al. Head and neck malignancy: Is PET/CT more accurate than PET or CT alone?. Radiology. 2005;235:580–586
  73. Wahl RL. Why nearly all PET of abdominal and pelvic cancers will be performed as PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(suppl 1):82S–95S
  74. Dirisamer A, Schima W, Heinisch M, et al. Detection of histologically proven peritoneal carcinomatosis with fused 18F-FDG-PET/MDCT. Eur J Radiol. 2008;69:536–541
  75. Metser U, Golan O, Levine CD, et al. Tumor lesion detection: When is integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography more accurate than side-by-side interpretation of positron emission tomography and computed tomography?. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:554–559
  76. Balink H, Reijnen MM. Diagnosis of abdominal aortic prosthesis infection with FDG-PET/CT. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;41:428–432
  77. Keidar Z, Engel A, Hoffman A, et al. Prosthetic vascular graft infection: The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1230–1236
  78. Keidar Z, Gurman-Balbir A, Gaitini D, et al. Fever of unknown origin: The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1980–1985
  79. Keidar Z, Militianu D, Melamed E, et al. The diabetic foot: Initial experience with 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:444–449
  80. Tegler G, Sörensen J, Björck M, et al. Detection of aortic graft infection by 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:828–830
  81. Wassélius J, Malmstedt J, Kalin B, et al. High 18F-FDG Uptake in synthetic aortic vascular grafts on PET/CT in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1601–1605
  82. Jaruskova M, Belohlavek O. Role of FDG-PET and PET/CT in the diagnosis of prolonged febrile states. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:913–918
  83. Meller J, Sahlmann CO, Scheel AK. 18F-FDG PET and PET/CT in fever of unknown origin. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:35–45
  84. Hartmann A, Eid K, Dora C, et al. Diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in trauma patients with suspected chronic osteomyelitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:704–714
  85. Strobel K, Stumpe KD. PET/CT in musculoskeletal infection. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:353–364
  86. Stumpe KD, Strobel K. 18F FDG-PET imaging in musculoskeletal infection. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:131–142
  87. Metser U, Lerman H, Blank A, et al. Malignant involvement of the spine: Assessment by 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:279–284
  88. Nakamoto Y, Cohade C, Tatsumi M, et al. CT appearance of bone metastases detected with FDG PET as part of the same PET/CT examination. Radiology. 2005;237:627–634
  89. Bar-Shalom R, Yefremov N, Guralnik L, et al. Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: Additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1200–1209
  90. Israel O, Mor M, Guralnik L, et al. Is 18F-FDG PET/CT useful for imaging and management of patients with suspected occult recurrence of cancer?. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:2045–2051
  91. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2500–2507
  92. Bar-Shalom R, Guralnik L, Tsalic M, et al. The additional value of PET/CT over PET in FDG imaging of oesophageal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:918–924
  93. Gerth HU, Juergens KU, Dirksen U, et al. Significant benefit of multimodal imaging: PET/CT compared with PET alone in staging and follow-up of patients with Ewing tumors. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1932–1939
  94. Czernin J, Allen-Auerbach M, Schelbert HR. Improvements in cancer staging with PET/CT: literature-based evidence as of September 2006. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(suppl 1):78S–88S
  95. la Fougère C, Hundt W, Bröckel N, et al. Value of PET/CT versus PET and CT performed as separate investigations in patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1417–1425
  96. Raanani P, Shasha Y, Perry C, et al. Is CT scan still necessary for staging in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients in the PET/CT era?. Ann Oncol. 2006;17:117–122
  97. Taira AV, Herfkens RJ, Gambhir SS, et al. Detection of bone metastases: Assessment of integrated FDG PET/CT imaging. Radiology. 2007;243:204–211
  98. Horger M, Bares R. The role of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in benign and malignant bone disease. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;36:286–294
  99. Even-Sapir E, Lerman H, Gutman M, et al. The presentation of malignant tumours and pre-malignant lesions incidentally found on PET-CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:541–552
  100. Horger M, Eschmann SM, Pfannenberg C, et al. Evaluation of combined transmission and emission tomography for classification of skeletal lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:655–661
  101. Utsunomiya D, Shiraishi S, Imuta M, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT fusion in assessing suspected bone metastasis: Comparison with scintigraphy alone and nonfused scintigraphy and CT. Radiology. 2006;238:264–271
  102. Romer W, Nömayr A, Uder M, et al. SPECT-guided CT for evaluating foci of increased bone metabolism classified as indeterminate on SPECT in cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1102–1106
  103. Strobel K, Exner UE, Stumpe KD, et al. The additional value of CT images interpretation in the differential diagnosis of benign vs. malignant primary bone lesions with 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:2000–2008
  104. Fogelman I, Cook G, Israel O, et al. Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med. 2005;35:135–142
  105. Israel O, Goldberg A, Nachtigal A, et al. FDG-PET and CT patterns of bone metastases and their relationship to previously administered anti-cancer therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1280–1284
  106. Pakos EE, Fotopoulos AD, Ioannidis JP. 18F-FDG PET for evaluation of bone marrow infiltration in staging of lymphoma: A meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:958–963
  107. Even-Sapir E, Metser U, Mishani E, et al. The detection of bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: 99mTc-MDP Planar bone scintigraphy, single- and multi-field-of-view SPECT, 18F-fluoride PET, and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:287–297
  108. Ovadia D, Metser U, Lievshitz G, et al. Back pain in adolescents: Assessment with integrated 18F-fluoride positron-emission tomography-computed tomography. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27:90–93
  109. Even-Sapir E, Mishani E, Flusser G, et al. 18F-Fluoride positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:462–469
  110. Tuncel M, Souvatzoglou M, Herrmann K, et al. [(11)C]Choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging and restaging of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Nucl Med Biol. 2008;35:689–695
  111. Dankerl A, Liebisch P, Glatting G, et al. Multiple myeloma: Molecular imaging with 11C-methionine PET/CT--Initial experience. Radiology. 2007;242:498–508
  112. O'Sullivan PJ, Rohren EM, Madewell JE. Positron emission tomography-CT imaging in guiding musculoskeletal biopsy. Radiol Clin North Am. 2008;46:475–486
  113. Goerres GW, Stupp R, Barghouth G, et al. The value of PET, CT and in-line PET/CT in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours: Long-term outcome of treatment with imatinib mesylate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:153–162
  114. Guido A, Fuccio L, Rombi B, et al. Combined 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging in radiotherapy target delineation for head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;73:759–763
  115. Gordin A, Golz A, Keidar Z, et al. The role of FDG-PET/CT imaging in head and neck malignant conditions: Impact on diagnostic accuracy and patient care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:130–137
  116. Faria SL, Menard S, Devic S, et al. Impact of FDG-PET/CT on radiotherapy volume delineation in non-small-cell lung cancer and correlation of imaging stage with pathologic findings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:1035–1038
  117. Greco C, Rosenzweig K, Cascini GL, et al. Current status of PET/CT for tumour volume definition in radiotherapy treatment planning for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer. 2007;57:125–134
  118. Deniaud-Alexandre E, Touboul E, Lerouge D, et al. Impact of computed tomography and 18F-deoxyglucose coincidence detection emission tomography image fusion for optimization of conformal radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1432–1441
  119. van Loon J, Offermann C, Bosmans G, et al. 18FDG-PET based radiation planning of mediastinal lymph nodes in limited disease small cell lung cancer changes radiotherapy fields: A planning study. Radiother Oncol. 2008;87:49–54
  120. Newbold KL, Partridge M, Cook G, et al. Evaluation of the role of 18FDG-PET/CT in radiotherapy target definition in patients with head and neck cancer. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:1229–1236
  121. Scarfone C, Lavely WC, Cmelak AJ, et al. Prospective feasibility trial of radiotherapy target definition for head and neck cancer using 3-dimensional PET and CT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:543–552
  122. Hutchings M, Loft A, Hansen M, et al. Clinical impact of FDG-PET/CT in the planning of radiotherapy for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2007;78:206–212
  123. Even-Sapir E, Flusser G, Lerman H, et al. SPECT/multislice low-dose CT: A clinically relevant constituent in the imaging algorithm of nononcologic patients referred for bone scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:319–324
  124. Lee NY, Mechalakos JG, Nehmeh S, et al. Fluorine-18-labeled fluoromisonidazole positron emission and computed tomography-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:2–13
  125. Patel DA, Chang ST, Goodman KA, et al. Impact of integrated PET/CT on variability of target volume delineation in rectal cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2007;6:31–36
  126. von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF. Integrated PET/CT: Current applications and future directions. Radiology. 2006;238:405–422
  127. Schoder H, Yeung HW, Gonen M, et al. Head and neck cancer: Clinical usefulness and accuracy of PET/CT image fusion. Radiology. 2004;231:65–72
  128. Weber WA, Figlin R. Monitoring cancer treatment with PET/CT: Does it make a difference?. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(suppl 1):36S–44S
  129. Keidar Z, Haim N, Guralnik L, et al. PET/CT using 18F-FDG in suspected lung cancer recurrence: Diagnostic value and impact on patient management. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1640–1646
  130. Antoch G, Kanja J, Bauer S, et al. Comparison of PET, CT, and dual-modality PET/CT imaging for monitoring of imatinib (STI571) therapy in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:357–365
  131. Du Y, Cullum I, Illidge TM, et al. Fusion of metabolic function and morphology: Sequential [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography studies yield new insights into the natural history of bone metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3440–3447
  132. Rozovsky K, Koplewitz BZ, Krausz Y, et al. Added value of SPECT/CT for correlation of MIBG scintigraphy and diagnostic CT in neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1085–1090

PII: S0001-2998(09)00017-8

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.03.004

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 4 , Pages 264-275 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution