Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 6 , Pages 357-368 , November 2009

Advantages and Limitations of Imaging the Musculoskeletal System by Conventional Radiological, Radionuclide, and Hybrid Modalities

  • Sanjay Vijayanathan, MRCP, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Sanjay Vijayanathan, Department of Radiology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Lambeth Palace Rd, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Sajid Butt, MBBS, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Gopinath Gnanasegaran, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
    • ,
  • Ashley M. Groves, MD

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom

References 

  1. Hartwig NG. How to treat acute musculoskeletal infections in children. Advances Exp Med Biol. 2006;582:191–200
  2. Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital ambulatory medical care survey: 2005 Emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2007;386:1–32
  3. Hughes DK. Nuclear medicine and infection detection: The relative effectiveness of imaging with 111In-oxine-, 99mTc-HMPAO-, and 99mTc-stannous fluoride colloid-labeled leukocytes and with 67Ga-citrate. J Nucl Med Technol. 2003;31:196–201quiz: 203-204
  4. Bureau NJ, Ali SS, Chhem RK, et al. Ultrasound of musculoskeletal infections. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 1998;2:299–306
  5. Keller MS. Musculoskeletal sonography in the neonate and infant. Pediatr Radiol. 2005;35:1167–1173quiz: 1293
  6. Yu JS, Habib P. MR imaging of urgent inflammatory and infectious conditions affecting the soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Emerg Radiol. 2009;16:267–276
  7. Fayad LM, Carrino JA, Fishman EK. Musculoskeletal infection: Role of CT in the emergency department. Radiographics. 2007;27:1723–1736
  8. Cousins JP, Haughton VM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17:22–30
  9. Erdman WA, Tamburro F, Jayson HT, et al. Characteristics and pitfalls of diagnosis with MR imaging. Radiology. 1991;180:533–539
  10. Shimose S, Sugita T, Kubo T, et al. Differential diagnosis between osteomyelitis and bone tumors. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:928–933
  11. Palestro CJ, Love C. Radionuclide imaging of musculoskeletal infection: Conventional agents. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:335–352
  12. Saigal G, Azouz EM, Abdenour G. Imaging of osteomyelitis with special reference to children. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2004;8:255–265
  13. Love C, Tomas MB, Tronco GG, et al. FDG PET of infection and inflammation. Radiographics. 2005;25:1357–1368
  14. Boutry N, Morel M, Flipo RM, et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis: A review of MRI and sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:1502–1509
  15. Winalski CS. Imaging in the recognition and treatment of lesions predisposing to osteoarthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008;12:281
  16. Guermazi A, Taouli B, Lynch JA, et al. Imaging of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2004;8:269–285
  17. Freeston JE, Brown AK, Hensor EM, et al. Extremity magnetic resonance imaging assessment of synovitis (without contrast) in rheumatoid arthritis may be less accurate than power Doppler ultrasound. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:1351
  18. Campbell RS, Dunn A. External impingement of the shoulder. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008;12:107–126
  19. Gibbon WW. Applications of ultrasound in arthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2004;8:313–328
  20. Bruyn GA, Naredo E, Moller I, et al. Reliability of ultrasonography in detecting shoulder disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:357–361
  21. McQueen FM. The use of MRI in early RA. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47:1597–1599
  22. Benton N, Stewart N, Crabbe J, et al. MRI of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis can be used to predict functional outcome at 6 years. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:555–561
  23. McQueen FM, Benton N, Crabbe J, et al. What is the fate of erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis? (Tracking individual lesions using X rays and magnetic resonance imaging over the first two years of disease). Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:859–868
  24. Ostergaard M, Ejbjerg B. Magnetic resonance imaging of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2004;8:287–299
  25. Kuo PH, Kanal E, Abu-Alfa AK, et al. Gadolinium-based MR contrast agents and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Radiology. 2007;242:647–649
  26. Kim YJ, Bixby S, Mamisch TC, et al. Imaging structural abnormalities in the hip joint: Instability and impingement as a cause of osteoarthritis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2008;12:334–345
  27. Duer A, Østergaard M, Hørslev-Petersen K, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of unclassified arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:48–51
  28. Lee A, Emmett L, Van der Wall H, et al. SPECT/CT of femoroacetabular impingement. Clin Nucl Med. 2008;33:757–762
  29. Breunung N, Barwick T, Fernando R, et al. Additional benefit of SPECT-CT in investigating heel pain. Clin Nucl Med. 2008;33:705–706
  30. Martins FP, Gutfilen B, de Souza SA, et al. Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis synovitis with 99mTc-anti-CD3. Br J Radiol. 2008;81:25–29
  31. Beckers C, Ribbens C, André B, et al. Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with (18)F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:956–964
  32. Goerres GW, Forster A, Uebelhart D, et al. F-18 FDG whole-body PET for the assessment of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Nucl Med. 2006;31:386–390
  33. Ell PJ. Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. Edinburgh, New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1994;
  34. Savelli G, Maffioli L, Maccauro M, et al. Bone scintigraphy and the added value of SPECT (single photon emission tomography) in detecting skeletal lesions. Q J Nucl Med. 2001;45:27–37
  35. ARSAC: Notes for guidance on the clinical administration of radiopharmaceuticals and use of sealed radioactive sources
  36. Helms CA. Fundamentals of skeletal radiology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders WB; 2005;
  37. Royal College of Radiologists. Making the best use of a department of clinical radiology; guidelines for doctors. RCR; 2007;
  38. Groves AM, Beadsmoore CJ, Cheow HK, et al. Can 16-detector multislice CT exclude skeletal lesions during tumour staging? (Implications for the cancer patient). Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1066–1073
  39. Groves AM, Owen KE, Courtney HM, et al. 16-Detector multislice CT: Dosimetry estimation by TLD measurement compared with Monte Carlo simulation. Br J Radiol. 2004;77:662–665
  40. Dasgeb B, Mulligan MH, Kim CK. The current status of bone scintigraphy in malignant diseases. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:301–311
  41. Utsunomiya D, Shiraishi S, Imuta M, et al. Added value of SPECT/Fusion in assessing suspected Bone metastasis: Comparison with scintigraphy alone and nonfused scintigraphy and CT. Radiology. 2006;238:264–271
  42. Traill ZC, Talbot D, Golding S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging versus radionuclide scintigraphy in screening for bone metastases. Clin Radiol. 1999;54:448–451
  43. Nakahara T, Suzuki T, Kitamura N, et al. Bone scintigraphy is really unnecessary for evaluation of bone metastasis?. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:2676–2677
  44. Lecouvet FE, Geukens D, Stainier A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the axial skeleton for detecting bone metastases in patients with high-risk prostate cancer: Diagnostic and cost-effectiveness and comparison with current detection strategies. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3281–3287
  45. Nakanishi K, Kobayashi M, Nakaguchi K, et al. Whole-body MRI for detecting metastatic bone tumor: Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted images. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2007;6:147–155
  46. Schmidt GP, Schoenberg SO, Schmid R, et al. Screening for bone metastases: Whole-body MRI using a 32-channel system versus dual-modality PET-CT. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:939–949
  47. Saifuddin A, Twinn P, Emanuel R, et al. An audit of MRI for bone and soft-tissue tumours performed at referral centres. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:537–541
  48. Nakanishi K, Kobayashi M, Takahashi S, et al. Whole body MRI for detecting metastatic bone tumor: Comparison with bone scintigrams. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2005;4:11–17
  49. Hurson C, Powell T, O'Connell MJ, et al. Staging of primary musculoskeletal tumors using whole body MRI. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87-B:299;299
  50. Schmidt GP, Reiser MF, Baur-Melnyk A. Whole-body imaging of the musculoskeletal system: The value of MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:1109–1119
  51. Fayad LM, Barker PB, Bluemke DA. Molecular characterization of musculoskeletal tumors by proton MR spectroscopy. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:240–245
  52. Peterson JJ. F-18 FDG-PET for detection of osseous metastatic disease and staging, restaging, and monitoring response to therapy of musculoskeletal tumors. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:246–260
  53. Iagaru A, Quon A, McDougall IR, et al. F-18 FDG PET/CT evaluation of osseous and soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Nucl Med. 2006;31:754–760
  54. Cook GJ, Fogelman I. The role of positron emission tomography in skeletal disease. Semin Nucl Med. 2001;31:50–61
  55. Du Y, Cullum I, Illidge TM, et al. Fusion of metabolic function and morphology: Sequential [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography studies yield new insights into the natural history of bone metastases in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3440–3447
  56. Groves AM, Win T, Haim SB, et al. Non-[18F]FDG PET in clinical oncology. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8:822–830
  57. Pretorius ES, Fishman EK. Volume-rendered three-dimensional spiral CT: Musculoskeletal applications. Radiographics. 1999;19:1143–1160
  58. Körner M, Krötz MM, Degenhart C, et al. Current role of emergency US in patients with Major trauma. Radiographics. 2008;28:225–242
  59. Rydberg J, Buckwalter KA, Caldemeyer KS, et al. Multisection CT: Scanning techniques and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2000;20:1787–1806
  60. Memarsadeghi M, Breitenseher MJ, Schaefer-Prokop C, et al. Occult scaphoid fractures: Comparison of Multidetector CT and MR imaging—Initial experience. Radiology. 2006;240:169–176
  61. Spitz J, Lauer I, Tittel K, et al. Scintimetric evaluation of remodeling after Bone fractures in Man. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:1403–1409
  62. Kozin SH. Incidence, mechanism, and natural history of scaphoid fractures. Hand Clin. 2001;17:515–524
  63. Groves AM, Kayani I, Syed R, et al. An international survey of hospital practice in the imaging of acute scaphoid trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:1453–1456
  64. Groves AM, Cheow H, Balan K, et al. 16-MDCT in the detection of occult wrist fractures: A comparison with skeletal scintigraphy. Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:1470–1474
  65. Beeres FJP, Rhemrev SJ, den Hollander P, et al. Early magnetic resonance imaging compared with bone scintigraphy in suspected scaphoid fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90-B:1205–1209
  66. McNally EG, Wilson DJ, Ostlere SJ. Limited magnetic resonance imaging in low back pain instead of plain radiographs: Experience with first 1000 cases. Clin Radiol. 2001;56:922–925
  67. Saifuddin A. MRI of acute spinal trauma. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:237–246
  68. Qaiyum M, Tyrrell PN, McCall IW, et al. MRI detection of unsuspected vertebral injury in acute spinal trauma: Incidence and significance. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:299–304
  69. Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC, et al. Stress fractures in athletes (A study of 320 cases). Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:46–58
  70. Resnick D, Goergen TG. Physical injury: Concepts and terminology. In:  Resnick D editors. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. Philadelphia, PA; London: W. B. Saunders; 2002;p. 2646–2649
  71. Beck TJ, Ruff CB, Shaffer RA, et al. Stress fracture in military recruits: Gender differences in muscle and bone susceptibility factors. Bone. 2000;27:437–444
  72. Prather JL, Nusynowitz ML, Snowdy HA, et al. Scintigraphic findings in stress fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:869–874
  73. Groves AM, Cheow HK, Balan KK, et al. 16-Detector multislice CT in the detection of stress fractures: A comparison with skeletal scintigraphy. Clin Radiol. 2005;60:1100–1105
  74. Gaeta M, Minutoli F, Scribano E, et al. CT and MR imaging findings in athletes with early tibial stress injuries: Comparison with Bone scintigraphy findings and emphasis on cortical abnormalities. Radiology. 2005;235:553–561
  75. Petrover D, Schweitzer ME, Laredo JD. Anterior process calcaneal fractures: A systematic evaluation of associated conditions. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:627–632
  76. Ferran NA, Maffulli N. Epidemiology of sprains of the lateral ankle ligament complex. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:659–662
  77. Fusetti C, Poletti PA, Pradel PH, et al. Diagnosis of occult scaphoid fracture with high-spatial-resolution sonography: A prospective blind study. J Trauma. 2005;59:677–681
  78. Wang PT, Bonavita JA, DeLone FX, et al. Ultrasonic assistance in the diagnosis of hand flexor tendon injuries. Ann Plast Surg. 1999;42:403–407
  79. McNally EG, Rees JL. Imaging in shoulder disorders. Skeletal Radiol. 2007;36:1013–1016
  80. Spitz DJ, Newberg AH. Imaging of stress fractures in the athlete. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002;40:313–331
  81. Li J, Miller MA, Hutchins GD, et al. Imaging bone microdamage in vivo with positron emission tomography. Bone. 2005;37:819–824

PII: S0001-2998(09)00046-4

doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.07.001

Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
Volume 39, Issue 6 , Pages 357-368 , November 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution